Editing Artificial gravity (section)

====Proposals====
[[File:Nasa mars artificial gravity 1989.jpg|thumb|Rotating Mars spacecraft – 1989 NASA concept]]
Several proposals have incorporated artificial gravity into their design:
* Discovery II: a 2005 vehicle proposal capable of delivering a 172-metric-ton crew to Jupiter's orbit in 118 days. A very small portion of the 1,690-metric-ton craft would incorporate a centrifugal crew station.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2011-09-28|author1=Craig H. Williams|author2=Leonard A. Dudzinski|author3=Stanley K. Borowski|author4=Albert J. Juhasz|date=March 2005|location=Cleveland, Ohio|publisher=NASA|title=Realizing "2001: A Space Odyssey": Piloted Spherical Torus Nuclear Fusion Propulsion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050160960_2005161052.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Nautilus-X|Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle]] (MMSEV): a 2011 [[NASA]] proposal for a long-duration crewed space transport vehicle; it included a rotational artificial gravity [[space habitat]] intended to promote crew health for a crew of up to six persons on missions of up to two years in duration. The [[torus|torus-ring]] [[centrifuge]] would utilize both standard metal-frame and [[Inflatable space habitat|inflatable]] spacecraft structures and would provide 0.11 to 0.69&nbsp;[[Standard gravity|''g'']] if built with the {{convert|40|ft}} diameter option.<ref name=fiso20110126b>[http://spirit.as.utexas.edu/~fiso/telecon/Holderman-Henderson_1-26-11/Holderman_1-26-11.ppt NAUTILUS – X:  Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304044259/http://spirit.as.utexas.edu/~fiso/telecon/Holderman-Henderson_1-26-11/Holderman_1-26-11.ppt |date=March 4, 2011 }}, Mark L. Holderman, ''Future in Space Operations (FISO) Colloquium'', 2011-01-26. Retrieved 2011-01-31</ref><ref name=stn20110128>
[http://www.hobbyspace.com/nucleus/index.php?itemid=26786 NASA NAUTILUS-X: multi-mission exploration vehicle includes a centrifuge, which would be tested at ISS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225085854/http://hobbyspace.com//nucleus/index.php?itemid=26786 |date=February 25, 2011 }}, ''RLV and Space Transport News'', 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2011-01-31</ref>
* [[Nautilus-X#ISS centrifuge demonstration|ISS Centrifuge Demo]]: a 2011 NASA proposal for a demonstration project preparatory to the final design of the larger torus centrifuge space habitat for the Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle. The structure would have an outside diameter of {{convert|30|ft}} with a ring interior cross-section diameter of {{convert|30|in}}. It would provide 0.08 to 0.51&nbsp;''g'' partial gravity. This test and evaluation centrifuge would have the capability to become a Sleep Module for the ISS crew.<ref name=fiso20110126b/><!-- the ISS Centrifuge Demo is described on pages 15–21 of the fiso20110126b ref -->
[[Image:Tempo-3-0003.jpg|thumb|right|Artist’s rendering of TEMPO³ in orbit]]
* [[Mars Direct]]: A plan for a crewed [[Mars]] mission created by NASA engineers [[Robert Zubrin]] and [[David Baker (aerospace engineer)|David Baker]] in 1990, later expanded upon in Zubrin's 1996 book ''[[The Case for Mars]]''. The "Mars Habitat Unit", which would carry astronauts to Mars to join the previously launched "Earth Return Vehicle", would have had artificial gravity generated during flight by tying the spent upper stage of the booster to the Habitat Unit, and setting them both rotating about a common axis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nss.org/resources/books/non_fiction/NF_037_caseformars.html|title=NSS Review: The Case for Mars|website=www.nss.org|access-date=April 4, 2018|archive-date=January 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111165837/http://www.nss.org/resources/books/non_fiction/NF_037_caseformars.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The proposed [[Tempo3]] mission rotates two halves of a spacecraft connected by a tether to test the feasibility of simulating gravity on a crewed mission to Mars.<ref>[http://members.marssociety.org/TMQ/TMQ-V1-I1.pdf The Mars Quarterly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421044642/http://members.marssociety.org/TMQ/TMQ-V1-I1.pdf|date=April 21, 2017}} pg15-Tom Hill</ref>
* The [[Mars Gravity Biosatellite]] was a proposed mission meant to study the effect of artificial gravity on mammals. An artificial gravity field of 0.38&nbsp;''g'' (equivalent to [[Mars]]'s surface gravity) was to be produced by rotation (32 rpm, radius of ca. 30&nbsp; cm). Fifteen mice would have orbited Earth ([[Low Earth orbit]]) for five weeks and then land alive.<ref name="iac07">Korzun, Ashley M.; Wagner, Erika B.; et al. (2007). [http://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/1853/26717/1/IAC-07-A1.9.-A2.7.05.pdf Mars Gravity Biosatellite: Engineering, Science, and Education]. 58th [[International Astronautical Congress]].</ref> However, the program was canceled on 24 June 2009, due to a lack of funding and shifting priorities at NASA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=31612|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914085936/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=31612|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 14, 2012|title=The Mars Gravity Biosatellite Program Is Closing Down|website=www.spaceref.com|date=June 24, 2009|access-date=April 4, 2018}}</ref>
* Vast Space is a private company that proposes to build the world's first artificial gravity space station using the rotating spacecraft concept.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Werner |first=Debra |date=2022-09-15 |title=Vast Space to develop artificial-gravity space station |url=https://spacenews.com/vast-space-intro/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>