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Asian brown cloud
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===Regional weather=== A second assessment study was published in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/ABCSummaryFinal.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-11-18 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20081118220650/http://www.unep.org/pdf/ABCSummaryFinal.pdf |archive-date=2008-11-18 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> It highlighted regional concerns regarding: * Changes of rainfall patterns with the Asian [[monsoon]], as well as a delaying of the start of the Asian monsoon, by several weeks.<ref>[http://www.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=15452 Brown cloud delaying monsoon].</ref><ref>[http://zc.iap.ac.cn/uploadpdf/tac2012_Rashed_Li_BC.pdf Paper reporting the delaying of the monsoon being caused by brown cloud]{{Dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The observed weakening Indian monsoon and in China northern drought and southern flooding is influenced by the clouds. * Increase in rainfall over the [[Australia]]n [[Top End]] and [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] regions. A [[CSIRO]] study has found that by displacing the [[thermal equator]] southwards via cooling of the air over East Asia, the [[monsoon]] which brings most of the rain to these regions has been intensified and displaced southward.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rotstayn|first1=Leon|title=Have Australian rainfall and cloudiness increased due to the remote effects of Asian anthropogenic aerosols?|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=112|issue=D09202|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184533/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2006JD007712.shtml|archive-date=2007-09-30|url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2006JD007712.shtml|date=2 May 2007|doi=10.1029/2006JD007712|pages=D09202|last2=Cai|first2=Wenju|last3=Dix|first3=Martin R.|last4=Farquhar|first4=Graham D.|last5=Feng|first5=Yan|last6=Ginoux|first6=Paul|last7=Herzog|first7=Michael|last8=Ito|first8=Akinori|last9=Penner|first9=Joyce E.|last10=Roderick|first10=Michael L.|last11=Wang|first11=Minghuai|bibcode=2007JGRD..11209202R|display-authors=8|hdl=2027.42/94749|hdl-access=free}}</ref> * Retreat of the [[List of glaciers of Pakistan|Hindu Kush]]-[[List of glaciers of India|Himalaya]]n glaciers and snow packs. The cause is attributed to rising air temperatures that are more pronounced in elevated regions, a combined warming effect of greenhouse gases and the Asian Brown Cloud. Also [[Deposition (Aerosol physics)|deposition]] of [[black carbon]] decreases [[albedo|the reflection]] and exacerbates the retreat. Asian glacial melting could lead to water shortages and floods for the hundreds of millions of people who live downstream. * Decrease of crop harvests. Elevated concentrations of [[smog|surface ozone]] are likely to affect crop yields negatively. The impact is crop specific.
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