Editing Asturleonese language (section)

== Usage of glossonyms ==
Given the low social and political acceptance of referring to the language in Asturias as ''Leonese'', and in other parts of the domain (such as León or [[Zamora, Spain|Zamora]]) as ''Asturian'' (even though it is virtually the same language), a significant part of the authors and specialists prefer to refer to all the dialects collectively as ''Asturllionés or Asturleonés'', although others continue to use the regional terms (like Leonese, Asturian, Mirandese, etc.).{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

===Asturian (''Asturianu'')===
{{Main|Asturian language}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Victor speaking Asturian.webm|thumb|An Asturian speaker.]]

Much effort has been made since 1974 <!-- Foundation of the Conceyu Bable by three young Asturianist university professors: Xuan Xosé Sánchez Vicente, Xosé Lluis García Arias and Lluis Xabel Álvarez -->to protect and promote Asturian.<ref>Bauske 1995</ref> In 1981 Asturian, or ''Bable'', as the language is officially named,<ref>{{Citation |title=Statute of Autonomy of Asturias, article 4 |pages=524–530 |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/1981/12/30/7/con |language=Spanish}}</ref> was recognized as a language in need of special protection by the local government. In 1994 there were 100,000 first language speakers and 450,000 second language speakers able to speak or understand Asturian.<ref>Llera Ramo 1994</ref> However, the outlook for Asturian remains critical, with a large decline in the number of speakers in the last 100 years. At the end of the 20th century, the [[Academia de la Llingua Asturiana]] undertook initiatives designed to provide the language with most of the tools needed to survive in the modern era: a [[grammar]], a [[dictionary]] and [[periodicals]]. A new generation of Asturian writers has championed the language. These developments have given Asturian greater hope of survival.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}[[File:Linguistic map Southwestern Europe-en.gif|thumb|right|300px]]

===Leonese (''Llionés'')===
{{Main|Leonese language}}
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2023}}

[[File:WIKITONGUES- José Benito speaking Leonese.webm|thumb|A Leonese speaker, recorded in [[Spain]].]]

Leonese was probably spoken in a much larger area in the Middle Ages, roughly corresponding to the old [[Kingdom of León]]. As the [[Castilian language]] became the main language in Spain, the linguistic features of the Leonese language retreated progressively westwards. In the late 1990s several associations unofficially promoted Leonese language courses. In 2001 the ''Universidad de León'' (University of León) created a course for Leonese teachers, and local and provincial governments developed Leonese language courses for adults. Nowadays Leonese can be studied in the largest towns of [[León (province)|León]], [[Zamora (province)|Zamora]] and [[Salamanca (province)|Salamanca]] provinces.
[[File:Asturllionés; usu y estensión.png|thumb|Usage of Asturleonese today, excluding transitional speeches]]
Leonese's desperate reality as a minority language has driven it to an apparent dead end, and it is considered a Seriously Endangered Language by [[UNESCO]]. There are some efforts at language revival aimed at  the urban population (the Leonese Council has made campaign to encourage young people to learn Leonese). Some experts think Leonese will be dead in two generations.

In spite of all these difficulties, the number of young people learning and using Leonese (mainly as a written language) has increased substantially in recent years. The Leonese City Council promotes Leonese language courses for adults. Leonese is taught in sixteen schools in Leon.

Leonese has special status in the Statute of Autonomy of [[Castile and León]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Statute of Autonomy of Castile and León, article 5(2) |pages=49486–49505 |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2007/11/30/14/con |language=Spanish}}</ref>

===Mirandese (''Mirandés'')===
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2023}}

{{Main|Mirandese language}}
In the 19th century, José Leite de Vasconcelos described Mirandese as "the language of the farms, work, home, and love between the Mirandese," noting that it was a fully separate language from Portuguese. Since 1986/87 the language has been taught to students, now being taught from 1st to 12th grade. Today Mirandese has only 3500 speakers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mirandês "está numa situação muito crítica" e pode desaparecer |url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/mirandes-esta-numa-situacao-muito-critica-e-pode-desaparecer-15877722.html/ |website=Diário de Notícias |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref>

Portugal took a further step in protecting Mirandese when the Portuguese Republic officially recognised the language in 1999.<ref>{{Citation |title=Law 7/99 |url=https://data.dre.pt/eli/lei/7/1999/01/29/p/dre/pt/html |language=Portuguese}}</ref> It is administered by the [[Anstituto de la Lhéngua Mirandesa]].