Editing Automated Transfer Vehicle (section)

==Design==
The ''Automated Transfer Vehicle'' (ATV) was a 1990s-design expendable [[automated cargo spacecraft|cargo spacecraft]]. Each vehicle consisted of two distinct sections, the systems bus and the integrated cargo carrier.<ref name = "1998 deliv"/> The system bus contained the ATV's propulsion system, avionics bays, and [[solar cell|solar array]]s; it was principally used following the vehicle's detachment from the [[Ariane 5]] launcher to automatically traverse the remaining distance and dock with the ISS, the system bus would be inaccessible to the astronauts on board.<ref name = "1998 deliv"/> The integrated cargo carrier consisted of a [[Cabin pressurization|pressurised]] module, external bays for fluid and gas cargoes, further avionics and rendezvous sensors, and the docking mechanism. The primary structure of the ATV (of [[Al-2219]]<ref name=esaspecs />) is protected by a [[Whipple shield|meteorite and debris protection system]].<ref name = "1998 deliv"/> The first ATV was built in the 2000s and the first one to fly in space was in 2008.<ref name=2008missionConcept/>

The docking system of the ATV consists of a pair of [[videometer]]s and a pair of [[telegoniometer]]s manufactured by Sodern, a subsidiary of [[Airbus]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/ATV/infokit/english/04_ATVRendDockTech.pdf | title = Rendezvouz and Docking Technology |date=February 2008 | publisher = ESA}}</ref> Data processing for the rendezvous docking maneuver and emergency abort systems were designed and manufactured by [[CRISA]]. Additional monitoring data and redundancy was provided by the [[Kurs (docking system)|Kurs]]<ref>[http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ATV/SEMW4ZOR4CF_0.html Power system and avionics], ESA, 3 March 2008, "The ATV Service Module also accommodates several rechargeable and non-rechargeable batteries and some redundant items like a Sun sensor and a Russian-made KURS antenna."</ref><ref>Bryan Burrough, Dragonfly, {{ISBN|0-06-093269-4}}, page 66, "made by a government-owned company called Radiopribor, located in Kiev"</ref><!-- ESA source states ATV has the redundant Kurs antenna which was made in Russia, but the Kurs system was Soviet-made in the Ukraine and included an onboard computer. Starting around 1996 on Mir, cosmonauts would remove the computer from each docked Progress or Soyuz and store on Mir for reuse because Ukraine steadily increased the price for new units. Aside from the antenna I found no source that Russia had created its own Kurs system, so any such claim needs a precise citation. See Bryan Burrough pages 66–67. --> automatic docking system, which was also used by Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. Visual imagery is provided by a camera on the [[Zvezda (ISS module)|''Zvezda'' ISS module]].{{Cn|date=July 2021}}

In terms of its role, the ATV was designed to complement the smaller Russian [[Progress spacecraft]], possessing three times its useful payload capacity. Similar to the Progress, it would carry both [[Bulk cargo|bulk liquids]] and relatively fragile freight, which would be stored within a cargo hold maintained at a pressurized [[shirt-sleeve environment]] in order that astronauts would be able to access payloads without the need to put on spacesuits. {{Cn|date=July 2021}}

[[File:ATV shielding after impact test ESA313132.jpg|thumb|An exit hole through Kevlar–Nextel fabric after hypervelocity testing of the multilayer shielding for ESA’s ATV space freighter, simulating an impact by space debris.]]
The pressurized cargo section of the ATV was based on the [[Government of Italy|Italian]]-built<!-- built by an agency of the Italian government --> [[Multi-Purpose Logistics Module]] (MPLM), which was a [[Space Shuttle|Shuttle]]-carried "space barge/container" that had been previously used for transporting equipment to and from the Station. Unlike the MPLM which had to be [[Common Berthing Mechanism|berthed]] to the ISS, the ATV used the same docking mechanism as employed upon the Progress.<ref name="1998 deliv" /> The ATV, like the Progress, also serves as a container for the station's waste. Each ATV weighs 20.7 tonnes at launch and has a cargo capacity of 8 tonnes:<ref name="esaspecs" />
* {{convert|1500|kg|lb}} to {{convert|5500|kg|lb}} of dry cargo (re-supply goods, scientific payload, etc.),
* Up to {{convert|840|kg|lb}} of water,
* Up to {{convert|100|kg|lb}} of gas (nitrogen, oxygen, air), with up to two gases per flight,
* Up to {{convert|4700|kg|lb}} of propellant for the ''re-boost'' maneuver and refueling the station. The ATV propellant used for ''re-boost'' ([[monomethylhydrazine]] fuel and [[Dinitrogen tetroxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]] [[Oxidizing agent|oxidizer]]) is of a different type from the ''payload'' refueling propellant ([[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]] fuel and [[Dinitrogen tetroxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]] oxidizer).

The system bus section of the ATV had solar panels (3,800 W), 40 Ah of batteries, propellant tanks, four R-4D (490 N) thrusters, and 28 attitude control and braking thrusters (220 N).<ref name="esaspecs" />