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Autoradiograph
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=== Detection of sugar movement in plant tissue === In [[plant physiology]], autoradiography can be used to determine sugar accumulation in leaf tissue.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goggin|first1=Fiona L.|last2=Medville|first2=Richard|last3=Turgeon|first3=Robert|date=2001-02-01|title=Phloem Loading in the Tulip Tree. Mechanisms and Evolutionary Implications|journal=Plant Physiology|volume=125|issue=2|pages=891β899|doi=10.1104/pp.125.2.891|pmid=11161046|pmc=64890|issn=0032-0889}}</ref> Sugar accumulation, as it relates to autoradiography, can described the [[Phloem loading|phloem-loading strategy]] used in a plant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Bel|first=A J E|date=June 1993|title=Strategies of Phloem Loading|journal=Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology|volume=44|issue=1|pages=253β281|doi=10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.001345|issn=1040-2519}}</ref> For example, if sugars accumulate in the [[Leaf|minor veins]] of a leaf, it is expected that the leaves have few [[plasmodesma]]tal connections which is indicative of [[apoplast]]ic movement, or an active phloem-loading strategy. Sugars, such as [[sucrose]], [[fructose]], or [[mannitol]], are [[Radio-labeled|radiolabeled]] with [<nowiki/>[[Carbon-14|14-C]]], and then absorbed into leaf tissue by simple [[diffusion]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Turgeon|first1=R.|last2=Medville|first2=R.|date=1998-09-29|title=The absence of phloem loading in willow leaves|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=95|issue=20|pages=12055β12060|doi=10.1073/pnas.95.20.12055|pmid=9751789|pmc=21764|bibcode=1998PNAS...9512055T |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free}}</ref> The leaf tissue is then exposed to autoradiographic film (or emulsion) to produce an image. Images will show distinct vein patterns if sugar accumulation is concentrated in leaf veins (apoplastic movement), or images will show a static-like pattern if sugar accumulation is uniform throughout the leaf ([[symplast]]ic movement).
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