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Balinese script
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==Letters== A basic letter in Balinese is called {{lang|ban|aksara}} ({{lang|ban|ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭ}}), and each letter stands for a syllable with inherent vowel /a/. === Consonants === Consonants are called {{lang|ban|wianjana}} ({{lang|ban|ᬯ᭄ᬬᬜ᭄ᬚᬦ}}) or {{lang|ban|aksara wianjana}} ({{lang|ban|ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬯ᭄ᬬᬜ᭄ᬚᬦ}}). Balinese script has 33 consonants, of which only 18 called {{lang|ban|wreṣāstra}} ({{lang|ban|ᬯᬺᬱᬵᬲ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ}}) are used for writing basic vocabulary in Balinese language. The other 15, known as {{lang|ban|sualalita}} ({{lang|ban|ᬰ᭄ᬯᬮᬮᬶᬢ}}), are mainly used for writing [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kawi language|Kawi]] loanwords in Balinese language. The consonants can be arranged into [[Sanskrit]] order and {{lang|ban|[[Javanese script|hanacaraka]]}} traditional order. {{plain row headers}} {|class="wikitable plain-row-headers letters-pink" |+ ''Consonants (aksara wianjana)'' |- | rowspan=2| ! colspan=2|[[unvoiced consonant|Unvoiced]] ! colspan=2|[[voiced consonant|Voiced]] ! rowspan=2|[[nasal consonant|Nasal]] ! rowspan=2|[[Semivowel]] ! rowspan=2|[[Sibilant]] ! rowspan=2|[[fricative consonant|Fricative]] |- ! [[tenuis consonant|Unaspirated]] ! [[aspirated consonant|Aspirated]] ! [[tenuis consonant|Unaspirated]] ! [[aspirated consonant|Aspirated]] |- ! scope=row | [[velar consonant|Velar]] |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬓ|note=kya|top=ka|ipa=[[voiceless velar stop|[ka]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬔ|note=ka{{br}}mahaprana|top=kha|ipa=[[voiceless velar stop|[kʰa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬕ|ipa=[[voiced velar stop|[ɡa]]]|note=gya|top=ga}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬖ|note=ga gora|top=gha|ipa=[[voiced velar stop|[ɡʱa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬗ|note=nga|top=nga|ipa=[[velar nasal|[ŋa]]]}} | | |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬳ|top=ha|ipa=[[voiceless glottal fricative|[ha]]]|note={{noteTag|name=ha|group=skr|The consonant {{lang|ban|ha}} is sometimes not pronounced. For example, {{langx|ban|{{Script|Bali|ᬳᬸᬚᬦ}}|hujan|rain}} is pronounced {{lang|ban|ujan}}.<ref>Tinggen, p. 16</ref>}}}} |- class=letters-lo ! scope=row | [[palatal consonant|Palatal]] |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬘ|note=ca murca|top=ca|ipa=[[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|[tʃa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬙ|note=ca laca|top=cha|ipa=[[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|[tʃʰa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬚ|note=ja kujant|top=ja|ipa=[[voiced palato-alveolar affricate|[dʒa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬛ|note=ja jera|top=jha|ipa=[[voiced palato-alveolar affricate|[dʒʱa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬜ|top=nya|ipa=[[palatal nasal|[ɲa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬬ|top=ya|ipa=[[voiced palatal approximant|[ja]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬰ|note=sa saga|top=śa|ipa=[[voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative|[ɕa]]]}} | |-[[voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative|[ɕa]]] ! scope=row | [[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬝ|note=ta latik|top=ṭa|ipa=[[voiceless retroflex stop|[ʈa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬞ|note=ta latik{{br}}mahaprana|top=ṭha|ipa=[[voiceless retroflex stop|[ʈʰa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬟ|note=da dadu|top=ḍa|ipa=[[voiced retroflex stop|[ɖa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬠ|note=da dadu{{br}}mahaprana|top=ḍha|ipa=[[voiced retroflex stop|[ɖʱa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬡ|note=na rambat|top=ṇa|ipa=[[retroflex nasal|[ɳa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬭ|top=ra|ipa=[[voiced alveolar trill|[ra]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬱ|top=ṣa|ipa=[[voiceless retroflex sibilant|[ʂa]]]|note={{noteTag|name=sa|group=skr|Actually an alveolar consonant, but classified as dental by tradition}}}} | |- ! scope=row | [[dental consonant|Dental]] |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬢ|top=ta|ipa=[[voiceless dental stop|[t̪a]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬣ|note=ta tawa|top=tha|ipa=[[voiceless dental stop|[t̪ʰa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬤ|top=da|ipa=[[voiced dental stop|[d̪a]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬥ|note=da lindung|top=dha|ipa=[[voiced dental stop|[d̪ʱa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬦ|note=na kojong|top=na|ipa=[[Voiced dental nasal|[n̪a]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬮ|top=la|ipa=[[Voiced dental lateral approximant|[l̪a]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬲ|note=sa danti|top=sa|ipa=[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|[sa]]]}} | |- ! scope=row | [[labial consonant|Labial]] |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬧ|top=pa|ipa=[[voiceless bilabial stop|[pa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬨ|note=pa kapal|top=pha|ipa=[[voiceless bilabial stop|[pʰa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬩ|top=ba|ipa=[[voiced bilabial stop|[ba]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬪ|note=ba kembang|top=bha|ipa=[[voiced bilabial stop|[bʱa]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬫ|top=ma|ipa=[[bilabial nasal|[ma]]]}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬯ|top=wa|ipa=[[voiced labio-velar approximant|[wa]]]}} | | |} {{noteFoot|group=skr}} ==== {{lang|ban|Hanacaraka}} traditional order ==== The modern Balinese languages does not make use of the whole inventory of consonants inherited from Sanskrit. The 18 consonants used in Balinese ({{langx|ban|{{Script|Bali|ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬯᬺᬱᬵᬲ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ}}|aksara wreṣāstra}}) are traditionally arranged following the Javanese {{lang|ban|hanacaraka}} sequence, in which 20 letters form a four-line [[pangram]] narrating the myth of [[Aji Saka]]. The remaining consonants ({{langx|ban|{{Script|Bali|ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬰ᭄ᬯᬮᬮᬶᬢ}}|aksara sualalita}}) are used in Sanskrit transcription. {| class="wikitable letters-pink" |+ ''Hana caraka'' |- |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬳ|top=ha}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬦ|top=na}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬘ|top=ca}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬭ|top=ra}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬓ|top=ka}} |{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦲꦤꦕꦫꦏ}}|hana caraka|There were (two) emissaries.}} |- |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬤ|top=da}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬢ|top=ta}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬲ|top=sa}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬯ|top=wa}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬮ|top=la}} |{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦢꦠꦱꦮꦭ}}|data sawala|They began to fight.}} |- |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬫ|top=ma}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬕ|top=ga}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬩ|top=ba}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬗ|top=ṅa}} | | <!--{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦥꦝꦗꦪꦚ}}|padha jayanya|Their valor was equal}}--> |- |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬧ|top=pa}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬚ|top=ja}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬬ|top=ya}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬜ|top=nya}} | | <!--{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦥꦝꦗꦪꦚ}}|padha jayanya|Their valor was equal}}--> |} {{noteFoot|group=hanacaraka}} <!-- {| class="wikitable letters-pink" |+ ''Hana cakara'' |- |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬳ|top=ha}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬦ|top=na}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬘ|top=ca}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬭ|top=ra}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬓ|top=ka}} |{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦲꦤꦕꦫꦏ}}|hana caraka|There were (two) emissaries.}} |- |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬤ|top=da}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬢ|top=ta}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬲ|top=sa}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬯ|top=wa}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬮ|top=la}} |{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦢꦠꦱꦮꦭ}}|data sawala|They began to fight.}} |- |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬧ|top=pa}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬥ|top=dha|color=black|note={{noteTag|name=dha|group=hanacaraka|Letter is used in Javanese ''hanacaraka'' but omitted in modern Balinese}}}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬚ|top=ja}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬬ|top=ya}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬜ|top=nya}} |{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦥꦝꦗꦪꦚ}}|padha jayanya|Their valor was equal}} |- |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬫ|top=ma}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬕ|top=ga}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬩ|top=ba}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬣ|top=tha|color=black|note={{noteTag|name=dha|group=hanacaraka}}}} |{{letter|l=ban|s=Bali|ch=ᬗ|top=ṅa}} |{{langx|jv|{{Script|Java|ꦩꦒꦧꦛꦔ}}|maga bathanga|They both fell dead.}} |} {{noteFoot|group=hanacaraka}} --> === Consonant clusters === {|class="wikitable letters-pink letters-lo" align=right style='margin-left: 1em' |+ Conjunct consonants, ''gantungan'' and ''gempelan'' |- |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬓ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬓ|iso=ka}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬔ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬔ|iso=kha}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬕ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬕ|iso=ga}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬖ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬖ|iso=gha|wd=left}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬗ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬗ|iso=nga}} | | |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬳ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬳ|iso=ha|wd=left}} |- |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬘ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬘ|iso=ca}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬙ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬙ|iso=cha}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬚ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬚ|iso=ja}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬛ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬛ|iso=jha}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬜ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬜ|iso=nya|wd=left}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬬ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬬ|iso=ya}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬰ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬰ|iso=śa}} | |- |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬝ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬝ|iso=ṭa}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬞ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬞ|iso=ṭha}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬟ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬟ|iso=ḍa}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬠ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬠ|iso=ḍha}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬡ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬡ|iso=ṇa}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬭ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬭ|iso=ra}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬱ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬱ|iso=ṣa}} |- |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬢ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬢ|iso=ta}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬣ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬣ|iso=tha}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬤ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬤ|iso=da}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬥ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬥ|iso=dha}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬦ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬦ|iso=na}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬮ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬮ|iso=la}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬲ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬲ|iso=sa}} |- |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬧ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬧ|iso=pa}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬨ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬨ|iso=pha}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬩ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬩ|iso=ba|wd=left}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬪ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬪ|iso=bha}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬫ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬫ|iso=ma}} |{{letter|l=ban|tops=ᬯ|s=Bali|ch=◌᭄ᬯ|iso=wa}} | |} As in other members of the [[Brahmic family]], consonant clusters are written cursively, by combining a consonant an appended letter ({{langx|ban|{{Script|Bali|ᬕᬦ᭄ᬢᬸᬗᬦ᭄}}|gantungan}}) or attached letter ({{langx|ban|{{Script|Bali|ᬕᬾᬫ᭄ᬧᬾᬮᬦ᭄}}|gempelan|label=none}}). For example, {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬦ᭄ᬤ}}}}, a {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬦ}}, na}} appended with {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|◌᭄ᬤ}}, da}} is pronounced [nda]. Each consonant letter has a corresponding {{lang|ban|gantungan}} or {{lang|ban|gempelan}}. A consonant may be marked with both a {{lang|ban|gantungan}} or {{lang|ban|gempelan}} and a vowel diacritic ({{lang|ban|pangangge}}), but attaching two or more {{lang|ban|gantungan}} to one letter is forbidden. When three consonants occur together, vowel-killer ({{lang|ban|adeg-adeg}}) may be used in the middle of a word. For example, in the word {{langx|ban|ᬢᬫ᭄ᬩ᭄ᬮᬂ|temblang|label=none}}, the consonant cluster ''mbl'' is spelled {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬫ + ◌᭄ + ᬩ + ◌᭄ᬮ|}}}}.<ref>Tinggen, p. 27</ref> For a few letters, {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬧ}}, pa}}, {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬨ}}, pha}}, {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬲ}}, sa}} and {{angbr|{{Script|Bali|ᬰ}}, ṣa}} adding a {{lang|ban|gantungan}} or {{lang|ban|gempelan}} also eliminates the letter's inherent vowel {{IPA|[a]}}.
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