Editing Balochistan, Pakistan (section)

===Colonial era===
[[File:Bolan Pass 1842.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A historical sketch of [[Bolan Pass]], Balochistan, Pakistan]]

In 1876, [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|northern Baluchistan]] became one of the [[presidencies and provinces of British India]] in [[colonial India]].<ref name="Henige1970">{{cite book |last1=Henige |first1=David P. |title=Colonial Governors from the Fifteenth Century to the Present: A Comprehensive List |date=1970 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |page=89 |quote=The British began to assume control over the rough desert region in extreme western India known as Baluchistan in the 1870s.}}</ref> During this time from the fall of the [[Durrani Empire]] in 1823, four [[princely state]]s were recognised and reinforced in Balochistan: [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]], [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]], [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]] and [[Kalat (princely state)|Kalat]]. In 1876, [[Robert Groves Sandeman|Robert Sandeman]] negotiated the [[Treaty of Kalat]], which brought the Khan's territories, including Kharan, Makran, and Las Bela, under British protection, even though they remained independent princely states.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Naseer |last1=Dashti |title=The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIjyLNpusbAC |year=2012 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-4669-5896-8 |page=247}}</ref> After the [[Second Afghan War]] was ended by the [[Treaty of Gandamak]] in May 1879, the [[Mohammad Yaqub Khan|Afghan Emir]] ceded the districts of Quetta, [[Pishin District|Pishin]], [[Harnai District|Harnai]], Sibi and [[Thal Chotiali]] to British control. On 1 April 1883, the British took control of the [[Bolan Pass]], south-east of Quetta, from the [[Khan of Kalat]]. In 1887, small additional areas of Balochistan were declared British territory.<ref>{{cite book |author=Peter R. Blood |title=Pakistan: A Country Study |publisher=DIANE Publishing |year=1996 |page=20}}</ref> In 1893, Sir [[Mortimer Durand]] negotiated an agreement with the [[Amir]] of Afghanistan, [[Abdur Rahman Khan]], to fix the [[Durand Line]] running from [[Chitral]] to Balochistan as the boundary between the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] and British-controlled areas.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Two devastating earthquakes occurred in Balochistan during British colonial rule: the [[1935 Quetta earthquake]], which devastated [[Quetta]], and the [[1945 Balochistan earthquake]] with its epicentre in the Makran region.<ref>{{cite book |title=Foreign Affairs Pakistan, Volume 32, Issues 11–12 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |year=2005 |page=257}}</ref> During the time of the [[Indian independence movement]], "three pro-Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics apart from Balochistan's [[Muslim League (Opposition)|Muslim League]]", such as the [[Anjuman-i-Watan Baluchistan]], which [[Opposition to the partition of India|favoured a united India and opposed its partition]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Afzal |first1=M. Rafique |title=Pakistan: History and Politics 1947–1971 |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=40 |isbn=978-0-19-579634-6 |quote=Besides the Balochistan Muslim League, three pro-Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics: the Anjuman-i Watan, the Jamiatul Ulama u Hind, and the Qalat State National Party.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ranjan |first1=Amit |title=Partition of India: Postcolonial Legacies |date=2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429750526 |quote=Furthermore, Congress leadership of Balochistan was united and there was no disagreement over its president, Samad Khan Achakzai. On the other hand, Qazi Isa was the president of the League in Balochistan. Surprisingly, he was neither a Balochi nor a Sardar. Consequently, all Sardars except Jaffar Khan Jamali, were against Qazi Isa for contesting this seat.}}</ref>