Editing Bangkok (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Bangkok satellite city-area.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Satellite image showing a river flowing into the ocean, with large built-up areas along its sides just before the river mouth|The city of Bangkok is highlighted in this satellite image of the lower Chao Phraya delta. The built-up urban area extends northward and southward into Nonthaburi and Samut Prakan provinces.]]

Bangkok covers an area of {{cvt|1568.7|km2}}, ranking 69th among the other 76 provinces of Thailand. Of this, about {{cvt|700|km2}} forms the built-up urban area.<ref name="BMA geo"/> It is ranked 73rd in the world in terms of land area.<ref name= "CityMayors">{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-cities-area-125.html|title=The largest cities in the world by land area, population and density|date=6 January 2007|website= [[City Mayors]]|access-date=19 July 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080718162540/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-cities-area-125.html|archive-date= 18 July 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref> The city's [[urban sprawl]] reaches into parts of the six other provinces that it borders, namely, in clockwise order from northwest: [[Nonthaburi province|Nonthaburi]], [[Pathum Thani province|Pathum Thani]], [[Chachoengsao province|Chachoengsao]], [[Samut Prakan province|Samut Prakan]], [[Samut Sakhon province|Samut Sakhon]], and [[Nakhon Pathom province|Nakhon Pathom]]. Except for Chachoengsao, these provinces, together with Bangkok, form the greater [[Bangkok Metropolitan Region]].<ref name="Tangchonlatip">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th/ipsr/annualconference/conferenceiii/Articles/Article02.htm |chapter=กรุงเทพมหานคร: เมืองโตเดี่ยวตลอดกาลของประเทศไทย |trans-chapter=Bangkok: Thailand's forever primate city |first=Kanchana |last= Tangchonlatip |title=ประชากรและสังคม 2550 |trans-title=Population and society 2007 |editor1-first=Varachai |editor1-last= Thongthai |editor2-first=Sureeporn |editor2-last=Punpuing |place=Nakhon Pathom, Thailand |publisher=Institute for Population and Social Research |year=2007 |access-date=26 September 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304041608/http://www.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th/ipsr/annualconference/conferenceiii/Articles/Article02.htm }}</ref>

===Topography===
Bangkok is situated in the Chao Phraya River delta in Thailand's [[Central Thailand|central plain]]. The river meanders through the city in a southerly direction, emptying into the [[Gulf of Thailand]] approximately {{cvt|25|km}} south of the city centre. The area is flat and low-lying, with an average elevation of {{cvt|1.5|m}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref name="Sinsakul">{{cite journal|last=Sinsakul|first=Sin|title=Late Quaternary geology of the Lower Central Plain, Thailand|journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences|date=August 2000|volume=18|issue=4|pages= 415–426|doi=10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00075-9 |bibcode= 2000JAESc..18..415S |issn=1367-9120}}</ref>{{efn|The BMA gives an elevation figure of {{cvt|2.31|m}}.<ref name="BMA geo"/>}} Most of the area was originally [[swampland]], which was gradually drained and irrigated for agriculture by the construction of canals (''[[khlong]]'') which took place from the 16th to 19th centuries. The course of the river as it flows through Bangkok has been modified by the construction of [[Chao Phraya River#River engineering|several shortcut canals]].

[[File:Chaophrayashortcut.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Bangkok's major canals are shown in this map, detailing the original course of the river and its shortcut canals.]]

The city's waterway network served as the primary means of transport until the late 19th century, when modern roads began to be built. Up until then, most people lived near or on the water, leading the city to be known during the 19th century as the "[[Venice]] of the East".<ref>{{cite book|first= H. Warrington |last=Smyth|title=Five years in Siam: from 1891 to 1896|year=1898|place=New York|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|volume=II|page=9}} Quoted in Baker & Phongpaichit 2005, p.&nbsp;90.</ref> Many of these canals have since been filled in or paved over, but others still crisscross the city, serving as major drainage channels and transport routes. Most canals are now badly polluted, although the BMA has committed to the treatment and cleaning up of several canals.<ref>Thavisin et al. (eds) 2006, p.&nbsp;35.</ref>

The geology of the Bangkok area is characterised by a top layer of soft [[marine clay]], known as "Bangkok clay", averaging {{cvt|15|m}} in thickness, which overlies an [[aquifer]] system consisting of eight known units. This feature has contributed to the effects of [[subsidence]] caused by extensive groundwater pumping. First discovered in the 1970s, subsidence soon became a critical issue, reaching a rate of {{cvt|120|mm}} per year in 1981. Ground water management and mitigation measures have since lessened the severity of the situation, and the rate of subsidence decreased to {{cvt|10|to|30|mm}} per year in the early 2000s, though parts of the city are now {{cvt|1|m}} below sea level.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phien-wej |first1=N. |first2= P.H. |last2=Giao |first3=P |last3=Nutalaya |title=Land subsidence in Bangkok, Thailand|journal=Engineering Geology|date=2 February 2006 |volume=82|issue=4|pages= 187–201|doi=10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.10.004|bibcode=2006EngGe..82..187P }}</ref>

Subsidence has resulted in increased flood risk, as Bangkok is already prone to flooding due to its low elevation and an inadequate drainage infrastructure,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deviller |first1=Sophie |title=With rising sea levels, Bangkok struggles to stay afloat |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-09-sea-bangkok-struggles-afloat.html |access-date=25 July 2019 |work= phys.org |date=2 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gluckman|first=Ron|title=Bangkok: The sinking city faces severe climate challenges|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/go/65887|access-date=2020-11-15|website= preventionweb.net|date=11 June 2019 |publisher=[[Urban Land Institute]]|language= en|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527104222/https://www.preventionweb.net/news/view/65887}}</ref> often compounded by blockage from rubbish pollution (especially plastic waste).<ref>{{Cite web|last=hermesauto|date=2016-09-06|title=Plastic bags clogging Bangkok's sewers complicate efforts to fight floods|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/plastic-bags-clogging-bangkoks-sewers-complicate-efforts-to-fight-floods|access-date=2020-11-17|website=The Straits Times|language=en|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814062209/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/plastic-bags-clogging-bangkoks-sewers-complicate-efforts-to-fight-floods|url-status=live}}</ref> The city now relies on flood barriers and augmenting drainage from canals by pumping and building drain tunnels, but parts of Bangkok and its suburbs are still regularly inundated. Heavy downpours resulting in [[urban runoff]] overwhelming drainage systems, and runoff discharge from upstream areas, are major triggering factors.<ref>{{cite journal|first= Surapee|last=Engkagul|title=Flooding features in Bangkok and vicinity: Geographical approach|journal=GeoJournal|volume=31|issue=4|year=1993|pages=335–338|doi=10.1007/BF00812783|bibcode= 1993GeoJo..31..335E|s2cid=189881863|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00812783|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210627201335/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00812783|url-status= live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Severe flooding affecting much of the city occurred in 1995 and [[2011 Thailand floods|2011]]. In 2011, most of Bangkok's northern, eastern, and western districts were flooded, in some places for over two months.

Bangkok's geology also makes its tall buildings vulnerable to powerful earthquakes from far away, despite not being in a seismically active area, as the clay layer has an amplifying effect on [[long-period ground motion]], which tends to match the [[resonant frequency]] of high-rises. Occupants of skyscrapers in Bangkok have often felt effects from earthquakes centred hundreds of kilometres away in [[northern Thailand]] and Myanmar. Seismic considerations were only added to the building code in 2007, making older structures particularly at risk.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Shawn |title=Bangkok's tall buildings sitting on soft, shaky ground |url=https://www.nationthailand.com/perspective/30234105 |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=The Nation |date=20 May 2014}} <br />{{cite conference |last1=Warnitchai |first1=Pennung |first2=Chanet |last2=Sangarayakul |first3=Scott A. |last3=Ashford |title=Seismic hazard in Bangkok due to long-distance earthquakes |book-title=Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand |volume=30 |date=2000 |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/2145.pdf}} <br />{{cite web |title=แผ่นดินไหว…ไม่ไกลคนกรุง |url=https://researchcafe.tsri.or.th/bangkok-earthquake/ |website=Thailand Science Research and Innovation |access-date=29 March 2025 |language=th |date=16 April 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Bangkok, Thailand Population Density and Low Elevation Coastal Zones (5457306973).jpg|thumb|Bangkok population density and low elevation coastal zones. Bangkok is especially vulnerable to [[sea level rise]].]]
Its coastal location makes Bangkok particularly vulnerable to [[rising sea level]]s due to [[global warming]] and climate change. A study by the [[OECD]] has estimated that 5.138&nbsp;million people in Bangkok may be exposed to [[coastal flooding]] by 2070, the seventh highest figure among the world's port cities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nicholls |first1= R. J. |first2= S. |last2= Hanson |first3= C. |last3= Herweijer |first4=N. |last4= Patmore |first5=S. |last5=Hallegatte |first6= J. |last6=CorfeeMorlot |first7=Jean |last7= Chateau |first8=Robert |last8=Muir-Wood |display-authors= 3 |year=2008|title= Ranking Port Cities with High Exposure and Vulnerability to Climate Extremes: Exposure Estimates| journal= OECD Environment Working Papers|issue=1 |doi= 10.1787/011766488208|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/5kzssgshj742.pdf?expires=1443516109&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=86F9E81D60F674BDFA259B0843C4A964 |access-date=22 May 2014}}</ref>{{RP|8}} There are fears that the city may be submerged by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/10/22/thailand.water.rising.ap/index.html |title=Rising seas, sinking land threaten Thai capital |website=CNN.com |access-date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030034936/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/10/22/thailand.water.rising.ap/index.html|archive-date=30 October 2007|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2084358,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721214027/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2084358,00.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|title=Thailand, Sinking: Parts of Bangkok Could Be Underwater in 2030|first=Bruno|last= Philip| magazine=Time|date=21 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sattaburuth|first1=Aekarach|title=Bangkok 'could be submerged in 15 years'|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/learning-news/632520/bangkok-could-be-submerged-in-15-years|access-date=23 January 2017|work=Bangkok Post|date=2015-07-23}}</ref> A study published in October 2019 in ''[[Nature Communications]]'' corrected earlier models of coastal elevations<ref>{{cite book |title=Climate Risks and Adaptation in Asian Coastal Megacities |date=September 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |location= Washington DC |pages=23–31 |chapter-url=https://siteresources.worldbank.org/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/Resources/226300-1287600424406/coastal_megacities_fullreport.pdf |access-date=1 November 2019 |chapter=3. Estimating Flood Impacts and Vulnerabilities in Coastal Cities |archive-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701082644/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/Resources/226300-1287600424406/coastal_megacities_fullreport.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and concluded that up to 12&nbsp;million Thais—mostly in the greater Bangkok metropolitan area—face the prospect of annual flooding events.<ref name="NC-20191029">{{cite journal |last1=Kulp |first1=Scott A |last2=Strauss |first2=Benjamin H |title=New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding |journal= Nature Communications |date=29 October 2019 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=5752 |url= |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-13552-0|pmid= 31831733 |pmc=6908705 }}</ref><ref name="BBC-20191030">{{cite news |last1= Amos |first1=Jonathan |title= Climate change: Sea level rise to affect 'three times more people' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50236882 |access-date=1 November 2019 |work=BBC |date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106151232/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50236882 |url-status=live }}</ref> This is compounded by coastal erosion, which is an issue in the gulf coastal area, a small length of which lies within Bangkok's [[Bang Khun Thian District]]. Tidal flat ecosystems existed on the coast; however, many have been reclaimed for agriculture, aquaculture, and salt works.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2= Clemens |first2=R.S. |last3=Phinn |first3=S.R. |last4=Possingham |first4=H.P. |last5=Fuller |first5=R.A. |title=Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |date=2014 |volume=12 |issue= 5 |pages=267–272 |doi= 10.1890/130260 |bibcode=2014FrEE...12..267M |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/60169/1/130260.pdf |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207073933/https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/60169/1/130260.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The closest mountain range to Bangkok is the [[Khao Khiao Massif]], about {{convert|40|km|0|abbr=on}} southeast of the city. Phu Khao Thong, the only hill in the metropolitan area, originated with a very large [[stupa|chedi]] that King [[Rama III]] (1787–1851) built at [[Wat Saket]]. The chedi collapsed during construction because the soft soil could not support its weight. Over the next few decades, the abandoned mud-and-brick structure acquired the shape of a natural hill and became overgrown with weeds. The locals called it ''phu khao'' ({{lang|th|ภูเขา}}), as if it were a natural feature.<ref>[http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=fd258f1374ff0bf467cbfbf937e68f4e;rgn=full%20text;idno=sea141;view=image;seq=14 Old photo (around 1900) of dilapidated prang from the collection of Cornell University Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904061247/http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=fd258f1374ff0bf467cbfbf937e68f4e;rgn=full%20text;idno=sea141;view=image;seq=14 |date=4 September 2015 }} (last access 2009-09-24).</ref> In the 1940s, enclosing concrete walls were added to stop the hill from eroding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/11129/Temple-of-the-Golden-Mount-or-Phu-Khao-Thong-%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87|title=Phu Khao Thong (Golden Mount)|website= wikimapia.org|access-date=14 June 2014|archive-date=10 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210031643/http://wikimapia.org/11129/Temple-of-the-Golden-Mount-or-Phu-Khao-Thong-%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87|url-status= live}}</ref>
{{clear|left}}

===Climate===
Like most of Thailand, Bangkok has a [[tropical savanna climate]] (Aw) under the [[Köppen climate classification]] and is under the influence of the [[Asian monsoon]] system. The city experiences three seasons: hot, rainy, and cool, although temperatures are fairly hot year-round, ranging from an average low of {{convert|23.2|C}} in December to an average high of {{convert|35.7|C}} in April. The annual average temperature is {{convert|28.9|C}}. The rainy season begins with the arrival of the southwest [[monsoon]] around mid-May. September is the wettest month, with an average rainfall of {{convert|335.9|mm}}. The rainy season lasts until October, when the dry and cool northeast monsoon takes over until February. The hot season is generally dry, but also sees occasional summer storms.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Climate of Thailand |url=http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |publisher= Climatological Group, Meteorological Development Bureau, Meteorological Department |date=January 2012| website = tmd.go.th |location= Thailand | access-date= 26 September 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801225446/http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf }}</ref> The surface magnitude of Bangkok's [[urban heat island]] has been measured at {{convert|2.5|C-change|sigfig=2}} during the day and {{convert|8.0|C-change|sigfig=2}} at night.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Assessment with satellite data of the urban heat island effects in Asian mega cities |first1=Hung |last1=Tran |first2=Daisuke |last2=Uchihama |first3=Shiro |last3=Ochi |first4=Yoshifumi |last4=Yasuoka|journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation |volume=8|issue=1|date= January 2006 |pages=34–48 |doi=10.1016/j.jag.2005.05.003 |bibcode= 2006IJAEO...8...34T |doi-access=free }}</ref> The highest recorded temperature of Bangkok metropolis was {{convert|41.0|C}} on 7 May 2023,<ref name=CNN>{{Cite news |last=Subramaniam |first=Tara |title=Vietnam and Laos record hottest temperatures ever as heat wave grips Southeast Asia |url= https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/08/asia/vietnam-laos-record-high-temperatures-intl-hnk/index.html |date=8 May 2023 |work= CNN.com |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230706194150/https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/08/asia/vietnam-laos-record-high-temperatures-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|9.9|C}} in January 1955.<ref name="extreme minimum">{{cite web|title=Extreme minimum temperature during winter season in Thailand 71 year period (1951–2021)|url=https://www4.tmd.go.th/programs/uploads/tempstat/min_stat_latest_en.pdf|publisher= Climatological Group, Meteorological Development Bureau, Meteorological Department |website = tmd.go.th |location= Thailand |access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date= 19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319074858/https://www4.tmd.go.th/programs/uploads/tempstat/min_stat_latest_en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Climate Impact Group at [[NASA]]'s [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]] projected severe weather impacts on Bangkok caused by [[climate change]]. It found that Bangkok in 1960 had 193 days at or above 32&nbsp;°C. In 2018, Bangkok can expect 276 days at or above 32&nbsp;°C. The group forecasts a rise by 2100 to, on average, 297 to 344 days at or above 32&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Popovich |first1=Nadja |last2=Migliozzi |first2=Blacki |last3=Taylor |first3=Rumsey |last4=Williams |first4=Josh |last5=Watkins |first5=Derek |title=How Much Hotter Is Your Hometown Than When You Were Born? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/30/climate/how-much-hotter-is-your-hometown.html |access-date=1 September 2018 |work=The New York Times |date=n.d. |type=Interactive graphic |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104933/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/30/climate/how-much-hotter-is-your-hometown.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 37.6
|Feb record high C = 38.8
|Mar record high C = 40.1
|Apr record high C = 40.0
|May record high C = 41.0
|Jun record high C = 38.8
|Jul record high C = 38.4
|Aug record high C = 38.2
|Sep record high C = 37.4
|Oct record high C = 37.9
|Nov record high C = 38.8
|Dec record high C = 37.1
|year record high C = 
|Jan high C = 32.7
|Feb high C = 33.7
|Mar high C = 34.7
|Apr high C = 35.7
|May high C = 35.1
|Jun high C = 34.1
|Jul high C = 33.5
|Aug high C = 33.3
|Sep high C = 33.2
|Oct high C = 33.3
|Nov high C = 33.1
|Dec high C = 32.3
|year high C = 33.7
|Jan mean C = 27.4
|Feb mean C = 28.6
|Mar mean C = 29.7
|Apr mean C = 30.7
|May mean C = 30.3
|Jun mean C = 29.7
|Jul mean C = 29.2
|Aug mean C = 29.2
|Sep mean C = 28.6
|Oct mean C = 28.4
|Nov mean C = 28.4
|Dec mean C = 27.3
|year mean C = 28.9
|Jan low C = 23.4
|Feb low C = 24.8
|Mar low C = 26.4
|Apr low C = 27.2
|May low C = 26.9
|Jun low C = 26.4
|Jul low C = 26.1
|Aug low C = 25.9
|Sep low C = 25.4
|Oct low C = 25.2
|Nov low C = 24.7
|Dec low C = 23.2
|year low C = 25.4
|Jan record low C = 9.9
|Feb record low C = 14.9
|Mar record low C = 13.7
|Apr record low C = 19.9
|May record low C = 21.1
|Jun record low C = 21.1
|Jul record low C = 21.9
|Aug record low C = 21.2
|Sep record low C = 21.3
|Oct record low C = 18.3
|Nov record low C = 14.2
|Dec record low C = 10.5
|year record low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 23.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 21.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 51.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 93.3
|May precipitation mm = 216.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 198.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 189.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 227.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 335.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 288.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 44.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 11.6
|year precipitation mm = 1702.1
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 1.9
|Feb precipitation days = 1.9
|Mar precipitation days = 3.4
|Apr precipitation days = 5.4
|May precipitation days = 12.4
|Jun precipitation days = 13.4
|Jul precipitation days = 14.1
|Aug precipitation days = 15.6
|Sep precipitation days = 18.0
|Oct precipitation days = 14.4
|Nov precipitation days = 3.8
|Dec precipitation days = 1.0
|year precipitation days = 
|Jan humidity = 67.9
|Feb humidity = 70.5
|Mar humidity = 72.6
|Apr humidity = 72.0
|May humidity = 74.4
|Jun humidity = 75.2
|Jul humidity = 75.5
|Aug humidity = 76.4
|Sep humidity = 79.3
|Oct humidity = 78.0
|Nov humidity = 68.8
|Dec humidity = 65.6
|year humidity = 
|Jan sun = 216.0
|Feb sun = 215.8
|Mar sun = 234.2
|Apr sun = 226.6
|May sun = 196.2
|Jun sun = 158.4
|Jul sun = 140.7
|Aug sun = 128.9
|Sep sun = 129.6
|Oct sun = 157.5
|Nov sun = 194.8
|Dec sun = 213.5
|year sun = 2212.2
| Jan uv  =10
| Feb uv  =12
| Mar uv  =12
| Apr uv  =12
| May uv  =12
| Jun uv  =12
| Jul uv  =12
| Aug uv  =12
| Sep uv  =12
| Oct uv  =11
| Nov uv  =10
| Dec uv  =9
| Jan dew point C = 20.4
| Feb dew point C = 22.2
| Mar dew point C = 23.9
| Apr dew point C = 24.8
| May dew point C = 24.9
| Jun dew point C = 24.6
| Jul dew point C = 24.2
| Aug dew point C = 24.2
| Sep dew point C = 24.4
| Oct dew point C = 23.9
| Nov dew point C = 21.7
| Dec dew point C = 19.2
|source 1 = [[NOAA]],<ref name= WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230927104846/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Thailand/CSV/BangkokMetropolis_48455.csv
| archive-date = 27 September 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Thailand/CSV/BangkokMetropolis_48455.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Bangkok Metropils
| publisher = [[National Centers for Environmental Information]]
| format = CSV
| access-date = 2 August 2023
| url-status = bot: unknown
}}</ref> Thai Meteorological Department (Feb–May record highs, 1951–2022;<ref>{{cite web |script-title=th:สถิติอุณหภูมิสูงที่สุดในช่วงฤดูร้อนของประเทศไทยระหว่าง พ.ศ. 2494 – 2565 |trans-title=Extreme maximum temperature during summer season in Thailand (1951–2022) |url=https://www4.tmd.go.th/programs/uploads/tempstat/max_stat_latest.pdf | publisher= Climatological Group, Meteorological Development Bureau, Meteorological Department |website = tmd.go.th |location= Thailand |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319074901/https://www4.tmd.go.th/programs/uploads/tempstat/max_stat_latest.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nov–Feb record lows, 1951–2021<ref name="extreme minimum" />), CNN (May record high),<ref name=CNN/> Ogimet (other record highs/lows){{full citation needed|date=July 2024}}
|source 2 = Weather Atlas (UV),<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/thailand/bangkok-climate
|title = Bangkok, Thailand – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast
|website = Weather-Atlas.com
|access-date = 1 August 2022
|archive-date = 13 October 2022
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221013142836/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/thailand/bangkok-climate
|url-status = live
}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record)<ref name = meteoclimat>
{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-691-1840-2023.php |title=Station Bangkok| website = |publisher=Meteo Climat |language=fr |access-date = 11 June 2016}}</ref>
}}

===Districts===
[[File:Khet_Bangkok.svg|thumb|center|upright=1.8|alt=A map of Bangkok|Map showing the 50 districts of Bangkok ([[:File:Districts and Sub-districts of Bangkok.png|labelled version showing subdistricts]])]]

[[List of districts of Bangkok|Bangkok's fifty districts]] serve as administrative subdivisions under the authority of the BMA. Thirty-five of these districts lie to the east of the Chao Phraya, while fifteen are on the western bank, known as the Thonburi side of the city. The fifty districts, arranged by district code, are:<ref>[http://203.113.86.149/xstat/p5210_01.html Department of Provincial Administration, Ministry of Interior, Royal Thai Government. As of December 2009] {{in lang|th}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206092856/http://203.113.86.149/xstat/p5210_01.html |date=2011-02-06 }}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# [[Phra Nakhon district]]
# [[Dusit district]]
# [[Nong Chok district]]
# [[Bang Rak district]]
# [[Bang Khen district]]
# [[Bang Kapi district]]
# [[Pathum Wan district]]
# [[Pom Prap Sattru Phai district]]
# [[Phra Khanong district]]
# [[Min Buri district]]
# [[Lat Krabang district]]
# [[Yan Nawa district]]
# [[Samphanthawong district]]
# [[Phaya Thai district]]
# [[Thon Buri district]]
# [[Bangkok Yai district]]
# [[Huai Khwang district]]
# [[Khlong San district]]
# [[Taling Chan district]]
# [[Bangkok Noi district]]
# [[Bang Khun Thian district]]
# [[Phasi Charoen district]]
# [[Nong Khaem district]]
# [[Rat Burana district]]
# [[Bang Phlat district]]
# [[Din Daeng district]]
# [[Bueng Kum district]]
# [[Sathon district]]
# [[Bang Sue district]]
# [[Chatuchak district]]
# [[Bang Kho Laem district]]
# [[Prawet district]]
# [[Khlong Toei district]]
# [[Suan Luang district]]
# [[Chom Thong district, Bangkok|Chom Thong district]]
# [[Don Mueang district]]
# [[Ratchathewi district]]
# [[Lat Phrao district]]
# [[Watthana district]]
# [[Bang Khae district]]
# [[Lak Si district]]
# [[Sai Mai district]]
# [[Khan Na Yao district]]
# [[Saphan Sung district]]
# [[Wang Thonglang district]]
# [[Khlong Sam Wa district]]
# [[Bang Na district]]
# [[Thawi Watthana district]]
# [[Thung Khru district]]
# [[Bang Bon district]]
{{Div col end}}

===Cityscape===
[[File:Chao Phraya River view from the State Tower, Bangkok 2017.jpg|thumb|alt=View of Chao Phraya River surrounded by buildings|View of the [[Chao Phraya River]] looking south from Bang Rak, 2017]]

Bangkok's districts often do not accurately represent the functional divisions of its neighbourhoods or land usage. Although [[urban planning]] policies date back to the commission of the Litchfield Plan in 1960, which set out strategies for land use, transportation, and general infrastructure improvements, zoning regulations were not fully implemented until 1992. As a result, the city grew organically throughout its rapid expansion, both horizontally as [[ribbon development]]s extended along newly built roads, and vertically, with increasing numbers of high rises and skyscrapers being built in commercial areas.<ref name="Medhi">{{cite book|first=Medhi |last= Krongkaew |chapter=The changing urban system in a fast-growing city and economy: The case of Bangkok and Thailand |editor1-first=Fu-chen |editor1-last=Lo |editor2-first= Yue-man |editor2-last=Yeung |title= Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia |publisher=United Nations University Press |year=1996|isbn=978-92-808-0907-7|page=322}}</ref>

The city has grown from its original centre along the river into a sprawling metropolis surrounded by swaths of suburban residential development extending north and south into neighbouring provinces. The highly populated and growing cities of [[Nonthaburi (city)|Nonthaburi]], [[Pak Kret]], [[Rangsit (city)|Rangsit]], and [[Mueang Samut Prakan District|Samut Prakan]] are effectively now suburbs of Bangkok. Nevertheless, large agricultural areas remain within the city proper at its eastern and western fringes, and a small number of forest area is found within the city limits: {{convert|3887|rai|km2 sqmi|sigfig=2}}, amounting to 0.4 per cent of the city area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forestinfo.forest.go.th/Content/file/stat2562/Table_2.pdf |script-title=th:ตารางที่ 2 พื้นที่ป่าไม้ แยกรายจังหวัด พ.ศ.2562 |year=2019 |website=Royal Forest Department |language=Thai |trans-title=Table 2 Forest area, separated by province, 2019 |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203032946/https://forestinfo.forest.go.th/Content/file/stat2562/Table_2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Land use in the city consists of 23 percent residential use, 24 percent agriculture, and 30 percent used for commerce, industry, and government.<ref name="BMA geo"/> The BMA's City Planning Department (CPD) is responsible for planning and shaping further development. It published master plan updates in 1999 and 2006, and a third revision is undergoing public hearings in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangkokplan.org/website/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=54&lang=en |title=History |website=CPD |publisher=City Planning Department|access-date=25 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101120642/http://www.bangkokplan.org/website/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=54&lang=en |archive-date=1 January 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:บรรยากาศงาน อุ่นไอรัก คลายความหนาว ครั้งที่ 2 (38).jpg|alt=A large plaza with a bronze statue of a man riding on horseback; beyond the plaza is a large two-storey building with a domed roof, arched windows and columns|left|thumb|The [[Royal Plaza (Thailand)|Royal Plaza]] in Dusit District was inspired by King Chulalongkorn's visits to Europe.]]
Bangkok's historic centre remains the [[Rattanakosin Island]] in Phra Nakhon District.<ref name="EBOT">{{cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/travel/1389986/exploring-bangkoks-old-town |title=Exploring Bangkok's old town|last=Mekloy|first=Pongpet|newspaper= Bangkok Post|year=2018}}</ref> It is the site of the Grand Palace and the City Pillar Shrine, primary symbols of the city's founding, as well as important Buddhist temples. Phra Nakhon, along with the neighbouring Pom Prap Sattru Phai and Samphanthawong Districts, formed what was the city proper in the late 19th century. Many traditional neighbourhoods and markets are found here, including the Chinese settlement of [[Sampheng]].<ref name="EBOT"/> The city was expanded toward Dusit District in the early 19th century, following King Chulalongkorn's relocation of the royal household to the new [[Dusit Palace]]. The buildings of the palace, including the neoclassical [[Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall]], as well as the [[Royal Plaza (Thailand)|Royal Plaza]] and [[Ratchadamnoen Avenue]] which leads to it from the Grand Palace, reflect the heavy influence of European architecture at the time. Major government offices line the avenue, as does the [[Democracy Monument]]. The area is the site of the country's seat of power as well as the city's most popular tourist landmarks.<ref name="EBOT"/>

[[File:View from Baiyoke Sky Hotel, Bangkok (7053110333) cropped.jpg|thumb|alt=A lot of high-rise buildings|The [[Sukhumvit Road|Sukhumvit]] area appears as a sea of high-rise buildings from [[Baiyoke Tower II]], the tallest building in Bangkok from 1997 to 2015.]]
In contrast with the low-rise historic areas, the business district on [[Si Lom Road|Si Lom]] and [[Sathon Road|Sathon]] Roads in Bang Rak and Sathon Districts teems with skyscrapers. It is the site of many of the country's major corporate headquarters, but also of some of the city's [[red-light district]]s. The [[Siam area|Siam]] and [[Ratchaprasong]] areas in Pathum Wan are home to some of the largest shopping malls in Southeast Asia. Numerous retail outlets and hotels also stretch along [[Sukhumvit Road]] leading southeast through Watthana and Khlong Toei Districts. More office towers line the streets branching off Sukhumvit, especially [[Asok Montri Road|Asok Montri]], while upmarket housing is found in many of its [[soi|''soi''s]] ('alley' or 'lane').
[[File:(2022) อนุสาวรีย์ชัยสมรภูมิ เขตราชเทวี กรุงเทพมหานคร (1).jpg|thumb|alt=View of Victory Monument|[[Victory Monument (Bangkok)|Victory Monument]] in 2021]]
Bangkok lacks a single distinct central business district. Instead, the areas of Siam and Ratchaprasong serve as a "central shopping district" containing many of the bigger malls and commercial areas in the city, as well as [[Siam Station]], formerly the only transfer point between the city's then-two elevated train lines (the [[Sukhumvit Line|Sukhumvit]] and [[Silom Line|Silom]] BTS lines).<ref name="McGrath CSD">{{cite book |last1=McGrath |first1= Brian |editor1-last= Benites |editor1-first= Cecilia |editor2-last= Lyster |editor2-first= Clare |title= Regarding Public Space |date=2005 |publisher= Princeton Architectural Press |location= New York|isbn= 978-1-56898-544-2 |pages=46–53 |chapter= Bangkok's CSD}}</ref> The [[Victory Monument (Bangkok)|Victory Monument]] in Ratchathewi District is among its most important road junctions, serving over 100 bus lines as well as an elevated train station. From the monument, [[Phahonyothin Road|Phahonyothin]] and [[Ratchawithi Road|Ratchawithi]]&nbsp;/ Din Daeng Roads respectively run north and east, linking to major residential areas. Most of the high-density development areas are within the {{convert|113|km2|adj=on}} area encircled by the [[Ratchadaphisek Road|Ratchadaphisek]] inner ring road. Ratchadaphisek is lined with businesses and retail outlets, and office buildings also cluster around Ratchayothin Intersection in Chatuchak District to the north. Further from the city centre, most areas are primarily mid- or low-density residential. The Thonburi side of the city is less developed, with fewer high rises. Except for a few secondary urban centres, Thonburi, in the same manner as the outlying eastern districts, consists mostly of residential and rural areas.

While most of Bangkok's streets are fronted by vernacular [[shophouse]]s, the largely unrestricted building euphoria of the 1980s has transformed the city into an urban area of skyscrapers and high rises of contrasting and clashing styles.<ref>Hamilton 2000, pp.&nbsp;465–466.</ref> There are 581 [[skyscraper]]s over {{convert|90|m|abbr=off}} tall in the city. Bangkok was ranked as the world's eighth-tallest city in 2016.<ref name= "tudl0867.home.xs4all.nl">{{Cite web|url=http://tudl0867.home.xs4all.nl/skylines.html|title=The World's Best Skylines|website=tudl0867.home.xs4all.nl|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=4 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004041936/http://tudl0867.home.xs4all.nl/skylines.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of persistent [[economic disparity]], many slums have emerged in the city. In 2000, over one million people were living in about 800 [[informal settlements]].<ref name="TA">{{cite web |url=http://www.thaiappraisal.org/pdfNew/HABITAT1new.pdf |title=Global report on human settlements 2003 – City report: Bangkok |last=Pornchokchai |first=Sopon |year=2003 |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413123830/http://www.thaiappraisal.org/pdfNew/HABITAT1new.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Some settlements are [[Squatting in Thailand|squatted]] such as the large slums in [[Khlong Toei District]]. In total, there were 125 squatted areas.<ref name="TA" />

{{wide image|Bangkok Night Wikimedia Commons.jpg|640px|Skyscrapers of [[Ratchadamri]] and Sukhumvit at night, viewed across [[Lumphini Park]] from the [[Si Lom]] – [[Sathon]] business district|alt=An expansive cityscape with several skyscrapers in the foreground, a park in the centre, and a large group of buildings across the park}}

===Parks and green zones===
[[File:Panorama_of_Lumphini_Park_and_Thai-Belgium_Bridge.jpg|alt=A park with many trees and a lake at sunset; many buildings in the background|thumb|Panorama of [[Lumphini Park]] at sunset, an oasis amid the skyscrapers of [[Ratchadamri]] and Sukhumvit]]
[[File:Chatuchak Park (I).jpg|thumb|[[Chatuchak Park]]]]
Bangkok has several parks, although these amount to a per capita total park area of only {{convert|1.82|m2}} in the city proper. Total green space for the entire city is moderate, at {{convert|11.8|m2}} per person. In the more densely built-up areas of the city, these numbers are as low as {{convert|1.73|and|0.72|m2}} per person.<ref name="Bunvong"/> More recent numbers claim that there is {{convert|3.3|m2|ft2}} of green space per person,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ocharoenchai |first1=Nanticha |title= Seeing green is believing |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/social-and-lifestyle/1578442/seeing-green-is-believing |access-date=2018-12-14 |work=Bangkok Post |date=2018-11-19}}</ref> compared to an average of {{cvt|39|m2|ft2}} in other cities across Asia.{{efn|For comparison, London, England, has {{cvt|34|m2|ft2}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Tower project 'suspicious'| url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1278859/tower-project-suspicious|access-date=1 July 2017|work=Bangkok Post|date=2017-07-01|department=Editorial|archive-date=1 July 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170701185634/http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1278859/tower-project-suspicious|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Bangkokians thus have 10 times less green space than is standard in the region's urban areas.<ref>{{cite news|title=A shopping complex, or a 'green lung'|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/A-shopping-complex-or-a-green-lung-30259964.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904061248/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/A-shopping-complex-or-a-green-lung-30259964.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2015|access-date=13 May 2015|work=The Nation|date=2015-05-13}}</ref> [[Green belt]] areas include about {{cvt|700|km2}} of rice paddies and orchards on the eastern and western edges of the city, although their primary purpose is to serve as flood [[detention basin]]s rather than to limit urban expansion.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Beyond greenbelts and zoning: A new planning concept for the environment of Asian mega-cities|journal=Landscape and Urban Planning|volume=47|issue=3–4 |pages=159–171|first1=Makoto |last1= Yokohari |first2=Kazuhiko|last2=Takeuchi|first3=Takashi |last3=Watanabe |first4= Shigehiro |last4=Yokota|date=10 April 2000|doi=10.1016/S0169-2046(99)00084-5 |bibcode=2000LUrbP..47..159Y }}</ref> [[Bang Kachao]], a {{cvt|20|km2|adj=on}} conservation area on an oxbow of the Chao Phraya, lies just across the southern riverbank districts, in [[Samut Prakan province]]. A master development plan has been proposed to increase total park area to {{cvt|4|m2}} per person.<ref name="Bunvong">{{cite journal|last1= Thaiutsa|first1=Bunvong|first2=Ladawan |last2= Puangchit|first3=Roger |last3= Kjelgren|first4=Wanchai |last4=Arunpraparut |title=Urban green space, street tree and heritage large tree assessment in Bangkok, Thailand|journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening|date=1 August 2008|volume=7|issue=3|pages=219–229|doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2008.03.002|bibcode= 2008UFUG....7..219T }}</ref>

One of Bangkok's largest parks is the centrally located [[Lumphini Park]] near the Silom–Sathon business district with an area of {{cvt|57.6|ha}}. It is connected by a 1.3&nbsp;km elevated pedestrian and bicycle walkway to the Benjakitti Park, which includes a recently completed expansion including wetlands, skywalks, and rare plants. Other parks include the {{convert|80|ha|adj=on}} [[Suanluang Rama IX]] in the east of the city, and the [[Chatuchak Park|Chatuchak]]–[[Queen Sirikit Park|Queen Sirikit]]–[[Wachirabenchathat Park|Wachirabenchathat]] park complex in northern Bangkok, which has a combined area of {{convert|92|ha}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangkok.go.th/publicpark/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220110719/http://www.bangkok.go.th/publicpark/ |archive-date=2012-12-20 |website=bangkok.go.th |title=Public Park Office, Environment Department |access-date=18 September 2012}}</ref> More parks are expected to be created through the Green Bangkok 2030 project, which aims to leave the city with {{convert|10|m2|ft2}} of green space per person, including 30% of the city having tree cover.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsroom.unfccc.int/blog/the-greening-of-bangkok |title=The Greening of Bangkok |publisher=UNFCCC |date=18 March 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627210130/https://newsroom.unfccc.int/blog/the-greening-of-bangkok |archive-date= Jun 27, 2021 }}</ref>