Editing Bank robbery (section)

==History==
[[File:Hearst-hibernia-yell.jpg|thumb|right|200px| [[Patty Hearst]] takes part in the April 1974 [[Hibernia Bank (San Francisco)|Hibernia Bank]] raid with other [[Symbionese Liberation Army|SLA]] members.]]

=== Early examples ===
According to ''[[The New York Times]]'' and the ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'', the first bank robbery in the United States occurred in March 1831 (the 19th according to the ''Times'', the 20th according to the ''Post''). Two men, James Honeyman and William J. Murray, entered the City Bank of New York using forged keys. This allowed them to empty the vault of more than $245,000 in bank money. According to the ''Times'', it cannot be confirmed if this was a robbery or a burglary.<ref>
[http://blog.timesunion.com/nypotomac/today-in-ny-historythe-first-u-s-bank-robbery-and-the-first-televised-prize-boxing-fight/2018/ New York Times, 19 March 2010] Today In History</ref> The ''Post'' later corrected this claim upon learning of a previous 1798 robbery of $162,821 from the Bank of Pennsylvania at Carpenters' Hall.<ref>{{cite web|last=Society|title=First Bank Robbery in United States – The Saturday Evening Post|url=http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2013/03/16/history/post-perspective/first-bank-robbery-in-united-states.html|access-date=5 March 2017|website=The Saturday Evening Post|date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=America's First Bank Robbery|url=http://www.ushistory.org/carpentershall/history/robbery.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010211191707/http://www.ushistory.org/carpentershall/history/robbery.htm|archive-date=February 11, 2001|access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> The Carpenters' Hall theft also may not have technically been a robbery as there were no signs of force and the thief may have had a key.<ref name="ozy">{{cite web|last=Braswell|first=Sean|title=The First American Bank Robbery Was One of the Most Bizarre Heists of All Time|url=http://www.ozy.com/flashback/the-first-american-bank-robbery-was-an-epic-farce/65240|access-date=5 March 2017|website=OZY|date=25 October 2015}}</ref>

On September 14, 1828, five men tunneled through a sewage drain in [[George Street, Sydney]] and [[Bank of Australia robbery|stole approximately £14,000 in promissory notes and coins from the vault of the Bank of Australia]]. It has been described as the first bank robbery in Australia and also the largest in Australian history.<ref>Baxter, Carol ''Breaking the Bank: An Extraordinary Colonial Robbery'', Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, 2008</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heritageaustralia.com.au/downloads/pdfs/Heritage%200309_Bank%20Robbery.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170306084757/http://www.heritageaustralia.com.au/downloads/pdfs/Heritage%200309_Bank%20Robbery.pdf|archive-date = 2017-03-06|title = My Heritage Australia, family tree, Genealogy – Family Search}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/robbing_the_bank_australias_first_bank_robbery|title = Robbing the Bank: Australia's First Bank Robbery &#124; the Dictionary of Sydney}}</ref>

On December 15, 1863, Postmaster Edward Green walked into the First National Bank on Pleasant Street in [[Malden, Massachusetts]], shot the 17-year-old bookkeeper, Frank Converse, and stole $3,000 in large bills and $2,000 in small bills. The directors of the bank offered a $6,000 reward for the arrest of the murderer.<ref>{{cite news|date=1863-12-16|title=New York Times, 16 Dec-1863|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1863/12/16/news/during-bank-robbery-murder-malden-bank-robbed-broad-daylight-cashier-shot-dead.html|access-date=2012-03-28}}</ref> This has been described as the first armed bank robbery murder in US history.<ref name="ozy" /> The crime is detailed in the historical fiction novel, Abel Bodied: Murder at the Malden Bank written by Michael Cloherty.

On October 27, 1878, the [[Manhattan Savings Institution robbery|Manhattan Savings Institution was robbed]]. It was the largest bank robbery in U.S. history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulligan |first=Frank |title=Fact tops fiction in story of country's best bank robber |url=https://www.sj-r.com/story/news/2009/10/07/fact-tops-fiction-in-story/47310025007/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=The State Journal-Register |language=en-US}}</ref>

The heist known as the [[1907 Tiflis bank robbery]] in June 1907 in the [[Russian Empire]] resulted in 40 deaths, 50 injuries, and the "[[expropriation]]" of 241,000 rubles (approximately 3.96 million 2018 US dollars) by [[Bolshevik]]s organized by (among others) [[Vladimir Lenin]] and [[Joseph Stalin]].

The first bank robbery in Denmark occurred August 18, 1913 in the bank ''Sparekassen for København og Omegn'' at [[Østerbro]] in [[Copenhagen]]. Two men, Danish salesman Lindorff Larsen and a German machinist Güttig, armed with revolvers, got away with 9000 Danish kroner. Güttig was arrested August 30 and Lindorff Larsen committed suicide after having fled the police.<ref>Axel Breidahl & Axel Kjerulf, ''Københavnerglimt – 1912 – 1920'', 1938, p. 41.</ref>

===Bank robbery on the American frontier===

Bank robbery is commonly associated with the American [[American frontier|Old West]] due to a few infamous examples and portrayal in fiction. The [[Foundation for Economic Education]] (FEE) in their research, found the scene of the Western bank-robbery to be generally a myth, identifying less than 10 definite bank robberies between 1859 and 1900 across 15 frontier states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fee.org/articles/the-non-existent-frontier-bank-robbery/|title = The Non-Existent Frontier Bank Robbery &#124; Larry Schweikart|date = January 2001}}</ref> [[Grunge.com]] pointed out that FEE's research was conducted before many states and the Library of Congress began publishing historical newspapers online, and while bank robberies in the Old West were still uncommon, there were many more than previously assessed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grunge.com/330470/the-truth-about-wild-west-bank-robberies/|title = The Truth About Wild West Bank Robberies|date = 9 February 2021}}</ref>

On February 13, 1866, several men believed to be members of the [[James-Younger Gang]] robbed the [[Clay County Savings Association Building|Clay County Savings Association]] in [[Liberty, Missouri]], shooting to death an innocent street bystander, 17-year-old student George Clifford "Jolly" Wymore, and escaping with $60,000. This was the first successful daylight bank robbery during peacetime in the US.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jesse James – First Bank Robbery|url=http://www.biography.com/people/jesse-james-9352646/videos/jesse-james-first-bank-robbery-30235203522|access-date=5 March 2017|website=Biography}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=22 December 1996|title=The James – Younger Gang – Robberies|url=http://www.islandnet.com/~the-gang/clay.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222121213/http://www.islandnet.com/~the-gang/clay.htm|archive-date=22 December 1996|access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.visitkc.com/member-details/index.aspx?id=10337 |title= Kansas City Tourist Office |publisher= Visitkc.com |access-date= 2012-03-28}}</ref> Previous robberies such as from the banks in [[St. Albans (city), Vermont|St. Albans, Vermont]] more than a year earlier were perpetrated by [[Confederate States Army|Confederate soldiers]], which some historians consider to be not robberies proper but [[Casus belli|acts of war]].<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3cHhY4qAvdcC&q=first+daylight+bank+robbery&pg=PA34 |title= Jesse James Was His Name, by William A Settle Jr |access-date= 2012-03-28|isbn= 978-0803258600 |last1= Settle |first1= William A. |year= 1977 |publisher= U of Nebraska Press }}</ref>

===First known use of a getaway car ===
The August 29, 1909 edition of ''The Rich Hill Tribune'' contained a front-page news story entitled "Bank Robbers in Motor Car" and according to which two robbers used a gun to rob the Valley bank of Santa Clara of $7,000. They then used a hired automobile to escape and were chased by police and a posse of citizens also in automobiles, eventually leading to their capture.<ref>{{cite web|date=1909-08-19|title=Bank Robbers in Motor Car|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90061663/1909-08-19/ed-1/seq-6/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103133/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90061663/1909-08-19/ed-1/seq-6/|archive-date=December 8, 2015|access-date=2015-12-04|publisher=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.}}</ref>

On December 21, 1911, two armed men of the [[Bonnot Gang]] intercepted a bank messenger outside a branch of [[Société Générale]] in Paris. They stole a satchel of money he was about to deliver to the bank containing roughly five thousand pounds and escaped in a stolen vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|date=2001-03-10|title=The Bonnot Gang by Richard Parry|url=https://archive.org/details/bonnot_gang|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024204730/https://archive.org/details/bonnot_gang|archive-date=October 24, 2008|access-date=2012-03-28}}</ref> This was the first successful use of a getaway car in a bank robbery.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 November 2012|title=The Bonnot Gang|url=https://freedomnews.org.uk/the-bonnot-gang/|access-date=5 March 2017|website=Freedom News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 December 1993|title=Happy Anniversary: Manhole covers held to ransom|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/happy-anniversary-manhole-covers-held-to-ransom-1468543.html|access-date=5 March 2017|website=independent}}</ref>

===First known use of a helicopter ===

On February 16, 1984, more than $160,000 was stolen from the Merchants and Farmers Bank and Trust Co. in Leesville, Louisiana using a stolen getaway helicopter. <ref>{{cite web|date=21 February 1984|title=A helicopter believed used in the daring datmylight robbery...|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/02/21/A-helicopter-believed-used-in-the-daring-daylight-robbery/8103446187600/|access-date=29 May 2023|website=UPI}}</ref>

===Great Depression era and "Public Enemy"===
The 1920s and 1930s saw a significant increase in bank robberies in the United States. This led to the formation of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and the designation "[[Public enemy|Public Enemy]]" for significant wanted criminals.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Bank Robberies – Crime Museum|url=http://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/history-of-bank-robberies/|access-date=5 March 2017|website=Crime Museum}}</ref> This era saw the rise of famous gangs such as the [[Dillinger Gang]], the [[Barrow Gang]] (1932–1934), and the [[Barker–Karpis gang]]. Other famous public enemies included [[Pretty Boy Floyd]] (Public Enemy No, 1 in 1934) and [[Machine Gun Kelly (gangster)|Machine Gun Kelly]].

===First known use of camera footage to apprehend a bank robber===
In 1957, security cameras installed at St. Clair Savings and Loan in Cleveland recorded the first film footage used to apprehend and identify bank robbers. The robbery occurred on April 12, when a 24-year-old male pointed a gun at a teller while his accomplice, an 18-year-old female, stuffed over $2,000 into a bag. A third accomplice drove the getaway car. The three were captured shortly after video footage of the robbery aired on [[national news]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84020662/1957-04-15/ed-1/seq-1/|title= Movie Camera Solves Bank Robbery Quickly|access-date= 29 May 2023}}</ref>

===Stockholm syndrome===
In 1973, four hostages were taken during the [[Norrmalmstorg robbery]] in [[Stockholm]], Sweden. After their release, the hostages defended their captors and refused to testify against them. This led to an academic interest in a phenomenon soon after referred to as [[Stockholm syndrome]], wherein hostages, during captivity, paradoxically form a sympathetic bond with their captors as a survival strategy.<ref>Adorjan, Michael, Tony Christensen, Benjamin Kelly, and Dorothy Pawluch. "Stockholm Syndrome As Vernacular Resource." The Sociological Quarterly 53.3 (2012): 454–74. SocINDEX with Full Text [EBSCO]. Web. 23 Oct. 2016.</ref> Stockholm syndrome is a "contested illness" due to doubt about the legitimacy of the condition.<ref>Adorjan, Michael; Christensen, Tony; Kelly, Benjamin; Pawluch, Dorothy (2012). "Stockholm Syndrome As Vernacular Resource". The Sociological Quarterly. 53 (3): 454–474. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2012.01241.x. ISSN 0038-0253. JSTOR 41679728. S2CID 141676449</ref>

===Historical bank robbers===
{{Main|List of bank robbers and robberies}}

[[George Leonidas Leslie]] (1842 – June 4, 1878) was involved in 80% of the bank robberies in the U.S. from 1869 to his death in 1878. He was involved in the Manhattan Savings Institution robbery.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Cheyna |date=2023-12-28 |title=My Favorite Victorian Criminal Was a Bank Robber With a Secret Weapon |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/12/george-leslie-bank-robber-heist-history.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}}</ref>

[[Jesse James]] (September 5, 1847 – April 3, 1882) was one of the most notorious bank robbers in American history.

[[Ned Kelly]] (December 1854 – 11 November 1880), Australian [[bushranger]] and folk hero,  pulled off a series of bank robberies in Victoria and New South Wales.

[[Herman Lamm]] (April 19, 1890 – December 16, 1930),  The first "modern" bank robber, who developed techniques of surveillance and planning, such as [[Surveillance|casing]] and getaway maps, used by many latter stick-up men such as John Dillinger.

[[Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow]], better known as "Bonnie and Clyde" (active February 1932 – May 1934), were an American couple who went on a crime spree during the Great Depression with their associates, the [[Barrow Gang]]. They captured the public imagination with their image as a wild young couple. Along with their gang, they were credited with only ten bank robberies, often making away with as little as $80. They were eventually ambushed and killed on the roadside outside [[Bienville Parish, Louisiana]] by a posse of Texas and Louisiana lawmen.

[[John Dillinger]] (June 22, 1903 – July 22, 1934) robbed banks in the [[Midwestern United States]]. Some considered him a dangerous criminal, while others idolized him as a present-day [[Robin Hood]]. He gained this latter reputation (and the nickname "Jackrabbit") for his graceful movements during bank heists, such as leaping over the counter (a movement he supposedly copied from the movies) and many narrow getaways from police. On July 22, 1934, [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agents cornered Dillinger in an alley outside a movie theater in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], where he was shot and killed by multiple agents.

[[Baby Face Nelson|George "Baby Face" Nelson]] (December 6, 1908 – November 27, 1934) was a bank robber and former associate of John Dillinger. He is notable for having killed more FBI agents in the line of duty than any other person. He was killed in a shootout known as [[The Battle of Barrington]], outside Chicago.

[[Edwin Alonzo Boyd]] (April 2, 1914 – May 17, 2002) was a Canadian bank robber and leader of the [[Boyd Gang]], which pulled off a string of heists, including the largest in [[Toronto]] history.

[[Clarence Anglin]], and brother [[John Anglin (criminal)|John Anglin]], the infamous Alcatraz escapees, robbed a bank in Alabama.

In the early 20th century, [[Willie Sutton]] (June 30, 1901 – November 2, 1980) was asked why he robbed banks, and he was famously reported as answering: "Because that's where the money is." This is, in fact, a quote invented by the interviewer to make the story more interesting.<ref>
[https://web.archive.org/web/20101013080526/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/willie-sutton Willie Sutton]
</ref> However, when asked, Sutton did write this statement and autograph it for his physician, so in a sense it is accurate.