Editing Bashkir language (section)

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
Bashkir has nine native vowels, and three or four loaned vowels (mainly in Russian loanwords).<ref name="Berta">{{Cite book|title=The Turkic languages|url=https://archive.org/details/turkiclanguagesr00csat|url-access=limited|last=Berta|first=Árpád|chapter=Tatar and Bashkir|year=1998|editor-last=Johanson|editor-first=Lars |editor-last2=Csató|editor-first2=Éva Á.|publisher=Routledge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/turkiclanguagesr00csat/page/n154 283]–300|isbn=9780415082006}}</ref>

Phonetically, the native vowels are approximately thus (with the Cyrillic letter followed by the usual Latin romanization in angle brackets):<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poppe |first=Nicholas N. |title=Bashkir Manual |series=Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic Languages |volume=36 |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=Indiana University |year=1964 |url= https://archive.org/details/bashkirmanualdes0000popp/ |oclc=1147723720 |lccn=63-64521}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!
!Unrounded
![[Roundedness|Rounded]]
!Unrounded
![[Roundedness|Rounded]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|'''и'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''i'''⟩<br />{{IPAblink|ɪ}}
|'''ү'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ü'''⟩<br />[{{IPA link|y}}~{{IPA link|ʉ}}]
|'''ы'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ı'''⟩<br />[{{IPA link|ɯ}}]
|'''у'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''u'''⟩<br />{{IPAblink|ʊ}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|'''э,{{nbsp}}е'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''e'''⟩<br />[{{IPA link|e}}~{{IPA link|ɘ}}]
|'''ө'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ö'''⟩<br />[{{IPA link|ø|ø̝}}~{{IPA link|ɵ}}]
|
|'''о'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''o'''⟩<br />[{{IPA link|o}}~{{IPA link|ɤ}}]
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|'''ә'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ä'''⟩<br />[{{IPA link|æ}}]
|
|'''а'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''a'''⟩<br />{{IPAblink|ɑ}}
|
|}
In Russian loans there are also {{IPAblink|ɨ}}, {{IPAblink|ɛ}}, {{IPAblink|ɔ}} and {{IPAblink|ä}}, written the same as the native vowels: '''ы, е/э, о, а''' respectively.<ref name="Berta" />

====Historical shifts====
Historically, the Proto-Turkic mid vowels have [[Raising (phonetics)|raised]] from mid to high, whereas the Proto-Turkic high vowels have become the Bashkir reduced mid series. (The same shifts have also happened in [[Tatar language|Tatar]].)<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Turkic languages|url=https://archive.org/details/turkiclanguagesr00csat|url-access=limited|last=Johanson|first=Lars|chapter=The History of Turkic|year=1998|editor-last=Johanson|editor-first=Lars |editor-last2=Csató|editor-first2=Éva Á.|publisher=Routledge|page=[https://archive.org/details/turkiclanguagesr00csat/page/n59 92]|isbn=9780415082006}}</ref><ref name="Ufa" /> However, in most dialects of Bashkir, this shift is not as prominent as in Tatar. 
{| class="wikitable"
!Vowel
!Common Turkic
!Tatar
!Bashkir
!Gloss
|-
|*e {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
|*et
|it
|it {{IPA|/it/}}
|'meat'
|-
|*ö {{IPA|/œ/}}
|*söz
|süz
|hüź {{IPA|/hʏð/}}
|'word'
|-
|*o {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|*sol
|sul
|hul {{IPA|/huɫ/}}
|'left'
|-
|*i {{IPA|/i/}}
|*it
|et
|et {{IPA|/ɪt/}}
|'dog'
|-
|*ï {{IPA|/ɤ/}}
|*qïz
|qız
|qıź {{IPA|/qɯð/}}
|'girl'
|-
|*u {{IPA|/u/}}
|*qum
|qom
|qom {{IPA|/qʊm/}}
|'sand'
|-
|*ü {{IPA|/y/}}
|*kül
|köl
|köl {{IPA|/køl/}}
|'ash'
|}

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|+caption | '''The consonants of Bashkir'''<ref name="Berta" />
|-
! colspan="2"|
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Labiodental consonant|Labio-<br />dental]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar|Post-<br />alveolar]]/<br>[[Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! [[glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align=center
! colspan="2"|[[Nasal stop|Nasals]]
| '''м'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''m'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|m}}
|
| colspan="2" | '''н'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''n'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|n̪|n}}
|
| '''ң'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ñ'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|ŋ}}
| '''ң'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ñ'''⟩<br />{{IPAblink|ɴ}}{{Ref|allophone|²}}
|
|- align=center
! rowspan="2"| [[Plosive consonant|Plosives]]
! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|Voiceless]]</small>
| '''п'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''p'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|p}}
|
| colspan="2" | '''т'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''t'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|t̪|t}}
|'''к'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''k'''⟩<br />{{IPAblink|c}}{{Ref|allophone|²}}
| '''к'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''k'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|k}}
| '''ҡ'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''q'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|q}}
| '''ь'''/'''ъ'''<br />{{IPAslink|ʔ}}{{ref|loan|¹}}
|- align="center"
! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]</small>
| '''б'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''b'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|b}}
|
| colspan="2" | '''д'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''d'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|d̪|d}}
|'''г'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''g'''⟩<br />{{IPAblink|ɟ}}{{Ref|allophone|²}}
| '''г'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''g'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|
|
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]s
! <small>Voiceless</small>
|
|'''ф'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''f'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|f}}{{Ref|loan|¹}}
| '''ç'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ś'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|θ}}
|'''с'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''s'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|s̪|s}}
|'''ш'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ş'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|ʃ}}
|
| '''х'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''x'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|χ}}
| '''һ'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''h'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|h}}
|- align="center"
! <small>Voiced</small>
| '''б'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''b'''⟩<br />{{IPAblink|β}}{{Ref|allophone|²}}
|'''в'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''v'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|v}}{{Ref|loan|¹}}
| '''ҙ'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ź'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|ð}}
|'''з'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''z'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|z}}
|'''ж'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''j'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|ʒ}}
|
| '''ғ'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''ğ'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|ʁ}}
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|
|'''р'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''r'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximants]]
|
|
|
|'''л'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''l'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|l}}
|'''й'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''y'''⟩<br />{{IPAslink|j}}
|'''у'''/'''ү'''/'''в'''{{nbsp}}⟨'''w'''⟩<br />{{IPA|/{{IPA link|w}}~{{IPA link|ɥ}}/}}
|
|
|}
;Notes
:{{note|loan|¹}} The phonemes {{IPAslink|f}}, {{IPAslink|v}}, {{IPAslink|ʔ}} are found only in loanwords, and, in the case of {{IPAslink|ʔ}}, in a few native onomatopoeic words.
:{{Note|allophone|²}} {{IPAblink|β}} is an [[Intervocalic consonant|intervocal]] allophone of {{IPAblink|b}}, and it is distinct from {{IPAblink|w}}. {{IPAblink|ɴ}} is an allophone of {{IPAblink|ŋ}} in back vowel contexts. {{IPAblink|c}} and {{IPAblink|ɟ}} occur as allophones of {{IPAblink|k}} and {{IPAblink|g}} before {{IPAblink|e}}, and both occur only in front vowel contexts.
* {{IPA|/θ, ð/}} are dental {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|θ}}, {{IPAplink|ð}}]}}, and {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is apical alveolar {{IPAblink|ɾ}}. The exact place of articulation of the other dental/alveolar consonants is unclear.