Editing Basic norm (section)

===Hart and others===
This has led to criticism from noted authors such as [[H. L. A. Hart]], who refers to the theory as a "needless duplication" of the "living reality" of the courts and officials actually identifying the law in accordance with the constitution's rules. It is mystifying to posit a rule beyond these rules, which adds, superfluously in Hart's view, that the constitution is to be obeyed.<ref>Hart, p. 246. Hart thinks this is particularly clear where there is no written constitution, as in the United Kingdom, for "here there seems no place for the rule 'that the constitution is to be obeyed' in addition to the rule that certain criteria of validity (e.g. enactment by the Queen in Parliament) are to be used in identifying the law. This is the accepted rule and it is mystifying to speak of a rule that this rule be obeyed."</ref>

Kelsen also attempted to explain international law by the concept of a Grundnorm superior to all the Grundnorms of the state. This theory has been severely criticised by theorists like Hart and [[Dennis Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Hampstead|Lord Lloyd]], though others, such as followers of various schools of the future development of the United Nations, including Grenville Clark and Louis B. Sohn of Harvard, who have strongly endorsed it.