Editing Beer (section)

=== Medieval ===

[[File:François Louis Jaques Paysans fribourgeois au bistrot.jpg|thumb|François Jaques: ''Peasants enjoying beer at pub in Fribourg'' (Switzerland, 1923)]]

Beer was spread through Europe by [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] and [[Celts|Celtic]] tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale.<ref name=Nelson-2005>{{cite book |first=Max |last=Nelson |year=2005 |title=The Barbarians' Beverage: A history of beer in ancient Europe |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-31121-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xul0O_SI1MC |pages=1-2, 110, 1025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Beer history |publisher=Dreher Breweries |place=Hungary |url=http://www.dreherrt.hu/portal/main.php?heading_id=27&article_id=&language=en |access-date=21 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709015742/http://www.dreherrt.hu/portal/main.php?heading_id=27&article_id=&language=en |archive-date=9 July 2009}}</ref> The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today. Alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers may have contained fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices, and other substances such as [[narcotic]] herbs.<ref name=Nelson-2005/> This mixture was called gruit, where if some were improperly heated could cause hallucinations. The mixture of gruit was different from every brewer. What they did not contain was [[hops]], as that was a later addition, first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard W. |last=Unger |year=2004 |title=Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance |page=57 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=0-8122-3795-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMNf-p1mu6AC&dq=hops+Carolingian+Abbot&pg=PA57}}</ref> and again in 1067 by [[abbess]] [[Hildegard of Bingen]].<ref name=Nelson-2005/> 

In 1516, [[William IV, Duke of Bavaria]] adopted the ''[[Reinheitsgebot]]'' (purity law), perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century, according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water, [[hops]], and barley-[[malt]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=492&nbsp;years of good beer: Germans toast the anniversary of their beer purity law |date=23 April 2008 |magazine=[[Der Spiegel]] |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/492-years-of-good-beer-germans-toast-the-anniversary-of-their-beer-purity-law-a-549175.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622065706/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/492-years-of-good-beer-germans-toast-the-anniversary-of-their-beer-purity-law-a-549175.html |archive-date=22 June 2017 }}</ref> Beer produced before the [[Industrial Revolution]] was made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced and sold by European [[Monastery|monasteries]]. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from [[artisan]]al to [[Manufacturing|industrial manufacture]], while domestic production ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century.<ref name=sotp>{{cite book |first=Martyn |last=Cornell |year=2003 |title=Beer: The story of the pint |publisher=Headline |isbn=978-0-7553-1165-1 }}</ref>