Editing Benign tumor (section)

===Tuberous sclerosis complex===
[[Tuberous sclerosis complex]] (TSC) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by mutations in the genes [[TSC1]] and [[TSC2]]. TSC1 produces the protein [[hamartin]]. TSC2 produces the protein [[tuberin]]. This disorder presents with many benign hamartomatous tumors including [[angiofibroma]]s, renal [[angiomyolipoma]]s, and pulmonary [[lymphangiomyomatosis]]. Tuberin and hamartin inhibit the [[mTOR]] protein in normal cellular physiology. Inactivation of the TSC tumor suppressors causes an increase in mTOR activity. This leads to the activation of genes and the production of proteins that increase cell growth.<ref name="pmid1562401922">{{cite journal |vauthors=Inoki K, Corradetti MN, Guan KL |date=January 2005 |title=Dysregulation of the TSC-mTOR pathway in human disease |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |doi=10.1038/ng1494 |pmid=15624019 |s2cid=205344131}}</ref><ref name="pmid170059522">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crino PB, Nathanson KL, Henske EP |date=September 2006 |title=The tuberous sclerosis complex |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=355 |issue=13 |pages=1345–1356 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra055323 |pmid=17005952 |s2cid=3579356}}</ref><ref name="pmid125562392">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kwiatkowski DJ |date=January 2003 |title=Tuberous sclerosis: from tubers to mTOR |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=67 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00012.x |pmid=12556239 |s2cid=41992893}}</ref>