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=== Modern history === [[File:Johann Heinrich Müller, 1825-1894 H01b Bern.JPG|thumb|left|Bern c. 1870.<br>Etching by [[commons:Category:Johann Heinrich Müller (1825-1894)|Heinrich Müller]]]] Bern was occupied by [[First French Republic|French]] troops in 1798 during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], when it was stripped of parts of its territories. It regained control of the [[Bernese Oberland]] in 1802, and following the [[Congress of Vienna]] of 1814, it newly acquired the [[Bernese Jura]]. At this time, it once again became the largest canton of the Confederacy as it stood during the [[Restoration (Switzerland)|Restoration]] and until the secession of the [[canton of Jura]] in 1979. On 28 November 1848, during the [[Revolutions of 1848|revolutions that year]], a majority of the new Swiss [[Federal Assembly of Switzerland|Federal Assembly]] deputies chose Bern as the [[Federal City]] (seat of the government) of the newly created [[Switzerland as a federal state|Swiss federal state]], ahead of [[Zürich]] and [[Lucerne]]. Bern was chosen as not to concentrate all the power in the economic powerhouse of Zürich, while Catholic and conservative Lucerne had been part of the [[Sonderbund War|Sonderbund]] during the war a year before. In addition, Bern had a more central location and was supported by the French-speaking cantons due to proximity to them. However, the constitution doesn't define Bern as official capital of Switzerland, but as the seat of government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephens) |first=(Translated from French by Thomas |title=Why is Bern the capital of Switzerland? |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/-federal-city-_why-is-bern-the-capital-of-switzerland-/44577476 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |date=28 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> A number of congresses of the [[socialist]] [[First International|First]] and [[Second International]]s were held in Bern, particularly during [[World War I]] when Switzerland was neutral; see [[Bern International]]. The city's population rose from about 5,000 in the 15th century to about 12,000 by 1800 and to above 60,000 by 1900, passing the 100,000 mark during the 1920s. Population peaked during the 1960s at 165,000 and has since decreased slightly, to below 130,000 by 2000. As of September 2017, the resident population stood at 142,349, of which 100,000 were Swiss citizens and 42,349 (31%) resident foreigners. A further estimated 350,000 people live in the immediate [[urban agglomeration]].<ref>municipal statistics,[http://www.bern.ch/leben_in_bern/stadt/statistik/in_kuerze] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222114804/http://www.bern.ch/leben_in_bern/stadt/statistik/in_kuerze|date=22 December 2010}} includes 6,816 weekend commuters not included in the federal statistics of 123,466.{{cite web |title=Statistik Schweiz - Aktuellste Daten |url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/dos/result.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126162846/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/dos/result.html |archive-date=26 November 2010 |access-date=8 December 2010}}</ref>
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