Editing Binary number (section)

===India===
The Indian scholar [[Pingala]] (c. 2nd century BC) developed a binary system for describing [[prosody (poetry)|prosody]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sanchez|first1=Julio|last2=Canton|first2=Maria P.|title=Microcontroller programming: the microchip PIC|year=2007|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=978-0-8493-7189-9|page=37}}</ref><ref>W. S. Anglin and J. Lambek, ''The Heritage of Thales'', Springer, 1995, {{ISBN|0-387-94544-X}}</ref> He described meters in the form of short and long syllables (the latter equal in length to two short syllables).<ref>[http://www.sju.edu/~rhall/Rhythms/Poets/arcadia.pdf Math for Poets and Drummers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616225617/http://www.sju.edu/~rhall/Rhythms/Poets/arcadia.pdf |date=16 June 2012 }} (pdf, 145KB)</ref> They were known as ''laghu'' (light) and ''guru'' (heavy) syllables.

Pingala's Hindu classic titled [[Chandaḥśāstra]] (8.23) describes the formation of a matrix in order to give a unique value to each meter. "Chandaḥśāstra" literally translates to ''science of meters'' in Sanskrit. The binary representations in Pingala's system increases towards the right, and not to the left like in the binary numbers of the modern [[positional notation]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The mathematics of harmony: from Euclid to contemporary mathematics and computer science|first1=Alexey|last1=Stakhov|author1-link=Alexey Stakhov|first2=Scott Anthony|last2=Olsen|isbn=978-981-277-582-5|year=2009|publisher=World Scientific |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K6fac9RxXREC}}</ref> In Pingala's system, the numbers start from number one, and not zero. Four short syllables "0000" is the first pattern and corresponds to the value one. The numerical value is obtained by adding one to the sum of [[place value]]s.<ref>B. van Nooten, "Binary Numbers in Indian Antiquity", Journal of Indian Studies, Volume 21, 1993, pp. 31–50</ref>