Editing Bioaccumulation (section)

=== Developmental effects of turtles ===
Toxic concentrations in turtle eggs may damage the developmental process of the turtle. For example, in the Australian freshwater short-neck turtle (''[[Emydura macquarii|Emydura macquarii macquarii]]''), environmental PFAS concentrations were bioaccumulated by the mother and then offloaded into their eggs that impacted developmental metabolic processes and fat stores.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beale |first1=David J. |last2=Nilsson |first2=Sandra |last3=Bose |first3=Utpal |last4=Bourne |first4=Nicholas |last5=Stockwell |first5=Sally |last6=Broadbent |first6=James A. |last7=Gonzalez-Astudillo |first7=Viviana |last8=Braun |first8=Christoph |last9=Baddiley |first9=Brenda |last10=Limpus |first10=Duncan |last11=Walsh |first11=Tom |last12=Vardy |first12=Suzanne |date=2022-04-15 |title=Bioaccumulation and impact of maternal PFAS offloading on egg biochemistry from wild-caught freshwater turtles (Emydura macquarii macquarii) |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=817 |pages=153019 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153019 |pmid=35026273 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81753019B |issn=0048-9697|doi-access=free }}</ref> Furthermore, there is evidence PFAS impacted the gut microbiome in exposed turtles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beale |first1=David J. |last2=Bissett |first2=Andrew |last3=Nilsson |first3=Sandra |last4=Bose |first4=Utpal |last5=Nelis |first5=Joost Laurus Dinant |last6=Nahar |first6=Akhikun |last7=Smith |first7=Matthew |last8=Gonzalez-Astudillo |first8=Viviana |last9=Braun |first9=Christoph |last10=Baddiley |first10=Brenda |last11=Vardy |first11=Suzanne |date=2022-09-10 |title=Perturbation of the gut microbiome in wild-caught freshwater turtles (Emydura macquarii macquarii) exposed to elevated PFAS levels |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=838 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=156324 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156324 |pmid=35654195 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.83856324B |s2cid=249213966 |issn=0048-9697|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In terms of toxic levels of heavy metals, it was observed to decrease egg-hatching rates in the Amazon River turtle, ''[[Arrau turtle|Podocnemis expansa]]''.<ref name=":12"/> In this particular turtle egg, the heavy metals reduce the fat in the eggs and change how water is filtered throughout the embryo; this can affect the survival rate of the turtle egg.<ref name=":12" />