Editing Boletus edulis (section)

==Habitat and distribution==
[[File:Boletus edulis 11.jpg|thumb|right|upright|In Lithuania|alt=A mushroom with a brown smooth cap the shape of a halved sphere, atop a thick, dirty white stipe. The mushroom is growing on a sloping patch of ground amongst moss, twigs and other forest debris; trees can be faintly seen in the background.]]
The fruit bodies of ''Boletus edulis'' can grow singly or in small clusters of two or three specimens. The mushroom's habitat consists of areas dominated by pine (''[[Pinus]]'' spp.), spruce (''[[Picea]]'' spp.), hemlock (''[[Tsuga]]'' spp.) and fir (''[[Abies]]'' spp.) trees, although other hosts include [[chestnut]], [[Chrysolepis|chinquapin]], [[beech]], ''[[Keteleeria]]'' spp., ''[[Lithocarpus]]'' spp., and [[oak]]. In California, porcini have been collected in a variety of forests, such as coastal forests, dry interior oak forests and [[savanna]]s and interior high-elevation [[Montane forest|montane]] [[mixed forest]]s,<ref name=Hall1998/> to an altitude of {{convert|3,500|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Hall2003>{{cite book|vauthors=Hall IR, Stephenson SR, Buchanan PK, Yun W, Cole A |title=Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/ediblepoisonousm00hall |url-access=limited |publisher=Timber Press|location=Portland, Oregon|year=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ediblepoisonousm00hall/page/n224 224]–25|isbn=0-88192-586-1}}</ref> In northwestern Spain, they are common in [[scrubland]]s dominated by the [[Cistaceae|rock rose]] species ''[[Cistus ladanifer]]'' and ''Halimium lasianthum''.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Oria-de-Rueda J, Martin-Pinto P, Olaizola J |year=2008 |title=Bolete productivity of cistaceous scrublands in northwestern Spain |journal=Economic Botany |volume=62 |issue=3|pages=323–30 |doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9031-x|s2cid=20095996 }}</ref> In [[Southern France|the Midi region of south-west France]], they are especially favoured and locally called ''cèpe de Bordeaux'' after the town from which they are traded to the north and abroad.<ref>{{cite book|first=Colin Duncan|last=Taylor|title=Menu from the Midi: A Gastronomic Journey through the South of France|year=2021|publisher=Matador |language=English| isbn= 978-1-80046-496-4}}</ref>

''Boletus edulis'' has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], concentrated in cool-[[temperate]] to [[subtropical]] regions.<ref name=Hall1998/> It is common in Europe—from northern Scandinavia, south to the extremities of Greece and Italy—and North America, where its southern range extends as far south as Mexico.<ref name=Wang1995>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/01140671.1995.9513892 |vauthors=Wang Y, Sinclair L, Hall IR, Cole AL |year=1995 |title=''Boletus edulis'' sensu lato: a new record for New Zealand|journal=New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science |volume=23 |pages=227–31 |url=http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/915037__920077166.pdf |access-date=2009-12-06 |issue=2|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is well known from the [[Borgotaro]] area of [[Parma]], Italy, and has [[Protected designation of origin|PGI]] status there. The European distribution extends north to Scandinavia and south to southern Italy and Morocco.<ref name=Hall1998>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hall IR, Lyon AJ, Wang Y, Sinclair L |year=1998 |title=Ectomycorrhizal fungi with edible fruiting bodies 2. ''Boletus edulis'' |journal=Economic Botany |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=44–56 |doi=10.1007/BF02861294|s2cid=20934023 }}</ref> In North America, it can be found from May to October inland<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasonal Chart for Edible Mushrooms |url=https://www.centraloregonmushroomclub.com/Mushroom-Seasons.htm?m=102&s=866 |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Central Oregon Mushroom Club |archive-date=2024-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331075937/https://www.centraloregonmushroomclub.com/Mushroom-Seasons.htm?m=102&s=866 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and August to January on the West Coast.<ref name="audu">{{Cite book |last=[[Audubon]] |title=Mushrooms of North America |publisher=[[Knopf]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-593-31998-7 |pages=327}}</ref> In China, the mushroom can be found from the northeastern [[Heilongjiang]] to the [[Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau]] and [[Tibet]].<ref name=Wang1995/> It has been recorded growing under ''Pinus'' and ''Tsuga'' in [[Sagarmatha National Park]] in Nepal,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Giri A, Rana P |year=2007|title=Some Higher Fungi from Sagarmatha National Park (SNP) and its adjoining areas, Nepal|journal=Scientific World |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=67–74 |doi=10.3126/sw.v5i5.2659|doi-access=free }}</ref> as well as in the Indian forests of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Adhikary RK, Baruah P, Kalita P, Bordoloi D |year=1999 |title=Edible mushrooms growing in forests of Arunachal Pradesh |journal=Advances in Horticulture and Forestry |volume=6 |pages=119–23}}</ref> In West Asia, the species has been reported from the northwest forests of Iran.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Asef MR. |year=2008 |title=Macrofungi of Arasbaran 2. Boletes (families Boletaceae and Suillaceae) |journal=Rostaniha |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=210–29 |url=http://www.sid.ir/fa/VEWSSID/J_pdf/50313873207.pdf |language=ar}}</ref>

===Cultivation===
Some steps have been made towards cultivating ''Boletus edulis'',<ref name="Wang2014">{{Citation |last1=Wang |first1=Yun |title=Recent Advances in Cultivation of Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms |date=2014 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270546094 |work=Mycorrhizal Fungi: Use in Sustainable Agriculture and Land Restoration |volume=41 |page=384 |editor-last=Solaiman |editor-first=Zakaria M. |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-45370-4_23 |isbn=978-3-662-45369-8 |access-date=2022-10-03 |last2=Chen |first2=Ying Long |editor2-last=Abbott |editor2-first=Lynette K. |editor3-last=Varma |editor3-first=Ajit}}</ref> including mycorrhization of [[Cistus ladanifer|rockrose]] shrubs enhanced by helper bacteria.<ref name="Mediavilla2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Mediavilla |first1=Olaya |last2=Olaizola |first2=Jaime |last3=Santos-del-Blanco |first3=Luis |last4=Oria-de-Rueda |first4=Juan Andrés |last5=Martín-Pinto |first5=Pablo |date=2015-07-26 |title=Mycorrhization between Cistus ladanifer L. and Boletus edulis Bull is enhanced by the mycorrhiza helper bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula |url=http://sostenible.palencia.uva.es/system/files/publicaciones/mediavilla_et_al._2015._mycorrhization_between_cistus_ladanifer_l._and_boletus_edulis.pdf |journal=Mycorrhiza |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=161–168 |doi=10.1007/s00572-015-0657-0 |pmid=26208816 |s2cid=8967720 |issn=0940-6360}}</ref>

===Non-native introductions===
''Boletus edulis'' grows in some areas where it is not believed to be [[indigenous (ecology)|indigenous]]. It is often found underneath oak and [[Betula pendula|silver birch]] in [[Hagley Park, Christchurch|Hagley Park]] in central [[Christchurch]], New Zealand, where it is likely to have been [[introduced species|introduced]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Orlovich D, Stringer A, Yun W, Hall I, Prime G, Danell E, Weden C, Bulman S |year= 2004 |title = ''Boletus edulis'' Bull. Ex Fries in New Zealand|journal= Australasian Mycological Society Newsletter|volume=1 |issue=1 |page= 6}}</ref> probably on the roots of container-grown beech, birch, and oak in the mid-19th century—around the time exotic trees began to be planted in the Christchurch area.<ref name=Wang1995/> Similarly, it has been collected in [[Adelaide Hills]] region of Australia in association with three species of introduced trees.<ref name="Catcheside 2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Catcheside PS, Catcheside DE |title=''Boletus edulis'' (Boletaceae), a new record for Australia |journal=Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden |year=2011 |volume=25 |pages=5–10 |url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/Knowledge_Bank/Science_research/State_Herbarium/Resources/Publications/Journal_of_the_Adelaide_Botanic_Gardens/Journal_search/25/1 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517151731/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/Knowledge_Bank/Science_research/State_Herbarium/Resources/Publications/Journal_of_the_Adelaide_Botanic_Gardens/Journal_search/25/1 |archive-date=2014-05-17 }}</ref> It has been growing plentifully in association with pine forests in the southern [[KwaZulu-Natal Midlands]] in South Africa for more than 50 years and is believed to have been introduced with the import of pine trees.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Eicker A.|year=1990|title=Commercial mushroom production in South Africa |journal=Bulletin|issue=418 | publisher = Department of Agricultural Development|location =Pretoria}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Marais LJ, Kotzé JM |year=1977|title=Notes on ectotrophic mycorrhizae of ''Pinus patula'' in South Africa|journal=South African Forestry Journal |volume=100|pages=61–71 |doi=10.1080/00382167.1977.9629436}}</ref> It also grows in pine plantations in neighboring Zimbabwe.<ref name=Masuka1996/>