Editing Botorrita plaque (section)

===Notes===

Although the general contents of the inscription are known with some confidence--apparently a set of prohibitions ({{lang|xce|nekue...litom}} "must neither...nor..." A.2 with ''litom'' < *''l(e)ik-to'', cf. Latin ''licitum'' < *''lik-e-to'') with specifications of punishments (including payment in silver = {{lang|xce|silabur}} A.3) for violations (side A), and a list of guarantors on side B (though the list seems to start at the end of A.11 with {{lang|xce|abulu ubokum}})--there is as yet no unified, agreed-upon translation.<ref>Lejeune, Michel (1990) (Review of Eska, Joseph F. (1988) ''Towards an interpretation of the Hispano-Celtic inscription of Botorrita''University of Toronto (Canada) ProQuest Dissertations Publishing NL43452.) ''Études celtiques'' 27  pp. 380-381.</ref> It is still not clear, for example, whether the text presents sacred laws concerning a temple or municipal regulations.<ref>Prósper, Blanca María  ''El bronce celtibérico de Botorrita I''. Pisa-Roma, Fabrizio Serra editore, 2008 (Ricerche sulle lingue di frammentaria attestazione, 6)</ref>

On the first side, David Stifter (2001), for example, indicates that <{{lang|xce|tirikantam}}> is an 'assembly of 300', similar to Gaulish {{lang|xce|tricantia}}, while <{{lang|xce|kombalkez}}> according to Bayer (1994) means something like 'was (deemed) suitable (by the assembly)' (cf. Latin {{lang|xce|complacere}} 'to please').  The sequences with {{lang|xce|nelitom}} and {{lang|xce|nekue ... litom}} with infinitive in {{lang|xce|-aunei}} are clearly something like '(it is) not permitted to{{nbsp}}...', and mentions some kind of monetary and property fines for ignoring the prohibitions.<ref>Stifter, David (2001): "Neues vom Keltiberischen: Notizen zu Botorrita IV", Die Sprache (Sonderheft): Chronicalia Indoeuropaea 38/3 [1996], pp. 89–110</ref> F. Villar has
suggested that ''kombalkez'' in the first line is  3rd sing. of the perfect of a root*bh el- ' to speak'--"he has spoken."<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 752.
Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 18, 2023</ref>

In line 2, the form ''tizaunei'' is considered to come from  *''di-dyāmnei'' (compare Greek δίζημαι "seek out, look for") by Jordán Cólera,<ref>Jordán Cólera, C. "La forma verbal cabint del bronce celtibérico de Novallas (Zaragoza)"''Emerita, Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica''LXXXII 2, 2014, pp. 327-343, p. 338. ISSN 0013-6662 doi: 10.3989/emerita.2014.07.1329</ref> though the Greek form is generally thought now to go back to a Proto-Indo-European root *''ieh<sub>2</sub>''- ‘to pursue.'<ref>Beekes, R. ''Etymological Dictionary Of Greek.'' Brill, 2010. p. 333</ref> But Prósper takes the form ''tizaunei'' from *''d<sup>h</sup>i-d<sup>h</sup>h<sub>1</sub>-mn-e'' "to place."<ref>Prosper, Blanca María. "Some Thoughts on the Gaulish Result of Common Celtic ''-mn-'' in Galatian" ''Celtic Studies 3. 2008. pp. 189-199, p. 190</ref>

For {{lang|xce|soz augu arestalo damai}} in lines A.'''2-3''', Prosper (2006) translates:  "[all] this (is) valid by order of the competent authority" based on the following analyses: {{lang|xce|soz}}: [all] this (< *sod); {{lang|xce|augo}}: final, valid (< *''h₂eug-os'' 'strong, valid', cf. Latin ''augustus'' 'solemn'); {{lang|xce|arestalo}}: of the competent authority (gen. sing. {{lang|xce|arestalos}} < *''pr̥Hi-steh₂-lo-'' 'competent authority' < *''pr̥Hi-sto'' 'what is first, authority'); {{lang|xce|damai}}: by order (instrumental fem. sing. < *''dʰoh₁m-eh₂'' 'establish, dispose'). In lines 3 and 6, ''stena'' may be related to the word for "thunder" and the name of the Celtic storm god, ''Taranos'' (< *''Taran-''), forms also seen on Botorrita III below.<ref>Koch, John T. (2020). ''Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West''. University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. pp. 142-144 ISBN 9781907029325.</ref>

In line A '''4''', the second element in ''Togoitei eni'' 'in Togotis' is from *''h₁en-i'' (cf. Lat. ''in'', OIr. ''in'' 'into, in'). For ''Togoitei'' itself, Matasovic points to Proto-Celtic *''tonketo-'' ‘destiny’ with the cognate in OIr. ''tocad '' saying this form is in the dative/locative singular, and connected to the apparent theonymn ''TOGOTI'' in the dative singular, but adding that: "The attribution of the Celtiberian forms to this root is as uncertain as anything else in this language."<ref>Matasovic, R. ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic'' Brill, Leiden 2009, p. 383</ref>

Later in the same line, ''bou-sto-mue'' probably contains in its first element a reflex of the PIE term for "cow": PIE *''g<sup>w</sup>ōw-'' > Lat. ''bōs'', OHG ''chuo'', Sanksrit ''gáu-'', Tokarian A ''ko'', Armenian ''kov''... through Proto-Celtic ''*bow-'' whence OIr. ''bó'', Middle Welsh ''bu,'' Middle Bretton ''bou-tig'' ‘stable’ and the Gaulish personal name ''Bo-marus.'' The meaning, therefore, may be "stable," like the Bretton form, but the form seems to be identical historically to Old Irish ''búas'' "riches, wealth (in cattle)" from Proto-Celtic *''bow-sto-''.<ref>Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009) Zagreb, December 2011, p. 6</ref> The form at the end of line '''4''', ''kabizeti'', can be derived from ''*gabiyeti'', a third person singular present indicative (or subjunctive?), from the Proto-Indo-European root ''*g<sup>h</sup>Hb'' "take, hold" but here, possibly "give" (whence Latin ''habeo'' "hold" and possibly Gothic ''geben'' "give"), assuming that *''-(i)y-'' becomes ''-z-'' in Celtiberian, as seen also in *''nowyo-'' > CeltIb. ''nouiza''.<ref>Matasovic, R. ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic.'' Leiden: Brill. 2006. pp. 148-149</ref>

In line '''6''', {{lang|xce|aeekati}} is probably a subjunctive form of indeterminate meaning.
 
And in line '''7''', {{lang|xce|zizonti}} is probably a present third person plural indicative form meaning "they sow."<ref>Stefan Schumacher, ''Die keltischen Primärverben: Ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon'' (Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität, 2004).</ref><ref name="Prosper2006">{{Cite journal |last=Prósper |first=Blanca María |year=2006 |title=SOZ AUKU ARESTALO TAMAI: La segunda línea del bronce de Botorrita y el anafórico celtibérico |journal=Palaeohispánica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua |publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico |issue=6 |pages=139–150 |url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/25/20/07prosper.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Koch |first=John |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=ABL-CIO |year=2005 |pages=1465–66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=loss+of+p+in+celtiberian&pg=PA1465 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |access-date=June 10, 2011}}</ref>

For {{lang|xce|saum dekametinas datuz somei eni touzei iste ankios iste es-ankios}} (A.'''8-9'''), Jordán (2004) translates: "of these, he will give the tithe/tax inside of this territory, so [may it] be fenced as [it should] be unfenced" based on the following analyses: 
::'''{{lang|xce|sa-um}}''' "of these" (< *''sa-ōm'') 
::'''{{lang|xce|dekametinas}}''' "the tithes, the tax" << *-''dekam-etos < *-dkm-etos''; compare Gaulish ''decametos'' 'tenth', Welsh ''degfed'' 'tenth', O.Ir. ''dechmad'' 'tenth'<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 758
Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 18, 2023</ref>
::'''{{lang|xce|da-tuz}}''' "he will pay, will give" (< PIE ''*deh<sub>2</sub>-tо̄d'' 3rd person singular imperative)<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p.762 Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 19, 2023</ref>
::'''{{lang|xce|en-i}}''' "inside, in" (< ''*h₁en-i'') 
::'''{{lang|xce|so-m-ei}}''': of this (loc. sing. < *''so-sm-ei'' 'from this') 
::'''{{lang|xce|touz-ei}}''' "territory" (loc. sing. < *''touzom'' 'territory' < *''tewt-yo-'') 
::'''{{lang|xce|iste ankios}}''' "so (be) fenced" 
::'''{{lang|xce|iste es-ankios}}''' "as (be) unfenced."<ref>Jordán Cólera, Carlos (2004). "Celtibérico". Monografías de Filología Griega. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza. 16 (IV). ISBN 84-96214-38-9.</ref>

The first word of A.'''10''', {{lang|xce|nebintor}}, may be the negative (''ne-'') of a verb meaning "strike, harm" in the 3rd person imperative middle, from Proto-Celtic *''bi-na-'' ‘strike, hit’—compare Old Irish ''benaid'' (same meaning), from PIE *''b<sup>h</sup>eyH-'' "strike"; whence Old Latin ''perfines'' "you should strike" and Old Church Slavonic ''biti''.<ref>Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009).
Zagreb, December 2011, p. 5</ref> And for {{lang|xce|togoitei ios vramtiom-ve auzeti aratim-ve dekametam datuz}} in A.10, De Bernardo (2009) translates: "In Togotis, he who draws water either for the green or for the farmland, the tithe (of their yield) he shall give."<ref>De Bernardo, P. "La gramática celtibérica del bronce de Botorrita. Nuevos Resultados". In Palaeohispanica 9 (2009), pp. 683-699.</ref> The form {{lang|xce|io-s}} in line '''10''' is the nominative singular masculine of the relative pronoun from Proto-Indo-European ''*yo-'' ([[Sanskrit]] ''ya-'', Greek ''hos''), which shows up in Irish only as the aspiration for leniting relative verb forms. Line 7 has the accusative singular {{lang|xce|io-m}} and the dative singular {{lang|xce|io-mui}} of the same root.<ref>Matasovic, R. ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic.'' Leiden: Brill. 2006. p. 436</ref>

The second side clearly consists of names, presumably prominent members of the assembly.  The names are in the Celtiberian formula, e.g. {{lang|xce|lubos kounesikum melnunos}}, is 'Lubo of the Kounesiko (people), [son] of Melnon'; for this reason, it has been suggested that <{{lang|xce|bintis}}> is actually <{{lang|xce|kentis}}>, i.e. /{{lang|xce|gentis}}/ 'son', as this clearly fits the context (seen notes on plaque III below), but it may merely be a title of a kind of magistrate.<ref>Francisco Beltrán Lloris and Carlos Jordán Cólera (2020) "Celtiberian" ''PALAEOHISPANICA: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua'' pp. 631-690. I.S.S.N. 1578-5386 DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.395</ref>  Whether this means the sign <Bi> can elsewhere be interpreted as indicating a velar—which would lead, for example, to new possible etymologies for {{lang|xce|usabitus}} as from *''ups-'' plus ''*ag-'' "drive" and {{lang|xce|timbitus}} from *''dhingh''- "shape, build"—in this text is still unclear. It is generally agreed that {{lang|xce|kamanom}} in A.5 means "path," a form also seen in Gaulish, borrowed into Late Latin as cammīnus, and from there into the modern Romance languages.<ref>Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2012) (Review of Prósper, Blanca María  ''El bronce celtibérico de Botorrita I''. Pisa-Roma, Fabrizio Serra editore, 2008 (Ricerche sulle lingue di frammentaria attestazione, 6) ) in ''Études celtiques'' 38  pp. 301-302</ref>

In B.7, the form ''useizu'' (considered equivalent to ''usizu'' [K.1.3, II-9, IV-23]) is considered by Jordán Cólera to have come from an earlier nominative *''upsē̆-dyō(n)'', while in line B.5 we find the genitive of the same form:  ''useizunos'' from *''upsē̆-dyōn-os''.<ref>Jordán Cólera, C. "La forma verbal cabint del bronce celtibérico de Novallas (Zaragoza)"''Emerita, Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica''LXXXII 2, 2014, pp. 327-343, p. 338. ISSN 0013-6662 doi: 10.3989/emerita.2014.07.1329</ref>