Editing Breaching experiment (section)

==="Response to intrusion into waiting lines"===
[[File:PASSENGERS WAITING IN LINE TO BUY SUBWAY TOKENS AT THE 8TH AVENUE LINE OF THE NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY. IN... - NARA - 556682.jpg|thumb|A line to buy [[subway (rail)|subway]] tokens in [[New York City]], similar to the ones experimenters deliberately cut into to in order to record reactions in one experiment by [[Stanley Milgram]]]]
Another norm breaching study led by Milgram sought to examine the response of people waiting in [[Queue area|line]] to intruders, again violating ''first-come, first served''. This was done by having experimenters break into naturally formed lines around New York City and noting how people respond to them.  The experimenters encroached on a total of 129 waiting lines, formed at railroad ticket counters, betting parlors, and other New York City locations.

The lines had an average of six people waiting. The experimenter calmly approached a point between a 3rd and 4th person in line and said in a neutral tone "Excuse me, I’d like to get in here.”  Before anyone in the line could respond, the intruder cut in line and faced forward. If the experimental intruder was directly admonished to leave the line, he or she did so. Otherwise, the intruder stayed in the line for one minute before departing. Three female and two male graduate students acted as intruders, with an observer watching nearby to record physical, verbal, and nonverbal reactions to the intrusion. The experiment manipulated conditions by having either one or two intruders break into the line, as well as varying one or two buffers, or experimenters standing passively by in the line. This enabled the researchers to test whether the responsibility of addressing the intruder would extend from the person closest behind in line to the rest of those in line.

<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Objection occurrence<ref name="response" />
|-
! Condition !! Frequency 
|-

! Two intruders and no buffers
| 91.3% 
|-
! One intruder and no buffer
| 54% 
|-
! One intruder and two buffers
| 5.0% 
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Objection type<ref name="response" />
|-
! Condition !! Frequency 
|-
! Verbal interjections
| 21.7% 
|-
! Nonverbal objections
| 14.7% 
|-

! Physical action
| 10% 
|}
</div>
Broadly, results indicated that others in line objected most frequently when there were more intruders and fewer buffers. Nonverbal objections included dirty looks, hostile stares, and gestures. Verbal interjections included "No way!  The line's back there. We've all been waiting and have trains to catch".<ref name="response" />

As reported in Milgram's subway study, experimenters in this study also experienced a high level of [[negative emotion]] associated with the task of intrusion into lines. Experimenters described feeling nauseated, anxious, and struggling to get up the "nerve" to intrude in a line.  Milgram reasons that these feelings make up the "inhibitory anxiety that ordinarily prevents individuals from breaching social norms" and indicate that the internal restraints against intruding into lines play a significant role in assuring the integrity of the line.<ref name=response />