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Buginese language
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==Grammar== ===Pronouns=== Buginese has four sets of personal pronouns, one free set, and three bound sets:<ref name=Sirk1983/> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | ! independent ! enclitic ! prefixed ! suffixed |- ! rowspan="2" | 1st person ! singular | {{lang|bug-latn|iaq}} | {{lang|bug-latn|-aq/-kaq/-waq}} | {{lang|bug-latn|(k)u-}} | {{lang|bug-latn|-(k)kuq}} |- ! plural | rowspan="2" | {{lang|bug-latn|idiq}} | rowspan="2" | {{lang|bug-latn|-iq/-kiq}} | rowspan="2" | {{lang|bug-latn|ta-}} | rowspan="2" | {{lang|bug-latn|-(t)taq}} |- ! rowspan="2" | 2nd person ! polite |- ! familiar | {{lang|bug-latn|iko}} | {{lang|bug-latn|-o/-ko}} | {{lang|bug-latn|mu-}} | {{lang|bug-latn|-(m)mu}} |- ! colspan="2" | 3rd person | {{lang|bug-latn|ia}} | {{lang|bug-latn|-i/-wi}} | {{lang|bug-latn|na-}} | {{lang|bug-latn|-(n)na}} |- ! colspan="2" | 1st person plural excl. (archaic) | {{lang|bug-latn|ikəŋ}} | {{lang|bug-latn|-kkəŋ}} | {{lang|bug-latn|ki-}} | {{lang|bug-latn|-mməŋ}} |} The enclitic set is used with subjects of intransitive verbs, and objects of transitive verbs. The proclitic set is with subjects of transitive verbs. The suffixed set is primarily used in possessive function. ===Aspects=== The following are [[grammatical aspect]]s of the language:<ref>''Ritumpanna wélenrénngé: sebuah episoda sastra Bugis klasik Galigo'' {{in lang|id}} ({{ISBN|9789794613184}}) page 77, Table 6</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- ! Durative !! Perfective !! Conditional !! Doubt !! Emphasis !! Place |- | ''kaq'' || ''naq'' || ''paq'' || ''gaq'' || ''si'' || ''é'' |- | ''kiq/ko'' || ''niq/no'' || ''piq/po'' || ''giq/go'' || ''sa'' || ''tu'' |- | ''kiq'' || ''niq'' || ''piq'' || ''giq'' || ''to'' || ''ro'' |- | ''i'' || ''ni'' || ''pi'' || ''gi'' || ''mi'' || |- | || ''na'' || ''pa'' || ''ga'' || || |- |} ====Examples==== {{fs interlinear|lang=bug|number=A: |{{Script|Bugi|ᨄᨘᨑᨊᨚ}} {{Script|Bugi|ᨆᨙᨋ?}}|pura-no manre|{have [portmanteau of perfective {{Lang|bug|na}} ({{Script|Bugi|ᨊ}}) + you]} eat |'Have you already eaten?'}} {{fs interlinear|lang=bug|number=B: |{{Script|Bugi|ᨉᨙᨄ}}|deq-pa|{not + [conditional ({{Script|Bugi|ᨄ}})]}|'Not yet.'}} {{Grapheme|q}} represents the glottal stop. It is not written in the Lontara script. Example of usage: {{fs interlinear|lang=bug|indent=3 |{{{Script|Bugi|ᨆᨙᨒᨚ}} {{Script|Bugi|ᨀ}}} {{Script|Bugi|ᨌᨛᨆᨙ }}|méloq-kaq cemmé|want-I bathe|I want to take a bath}}
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