Editing CYP2D6 (section)

== Ligands ==
Following is a table of selected [[enzyme substrate|substrates]], [[enzyme induction and inhibition|inducers]] and [[enzyme induction and inhibition|inhibitors]] of CYP2D6. Where classes of agents are listed, there may be exceptions within the class.

Inhibitors of CYP2D6 can be classified by their [[potency (pharmacology)|potency]], such as:
* '''Strong inhibitor''' being one that causes at least a 5-fold increase in the plasma [[area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)|AUC values]] of sensitive substrates metabolized through CYP2D6, or more than 80% decrease in [[clearance (medicine)|clearance]] thereof.<ref name=Flockhart/>
* '''Moderate inhibitor''' being one that causes at least a 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values of sensitive substrates metabolized through CYP2D6, or 50-80% decrease in clearance thereof.<ref name=Flockhart/>
* '''Weak inhibitor''' being one that causes at least a 1.25-fold but less than 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values of sensitive substrates metabolized through CYP2D6, or 20-50% decrease in clearance thereof.<ref name=Flockhart/>

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
|+'''Selected inducers, inhibitors and substrates of CYP2D6'''
|-
! Substrates<br />↑ <small>= [[bioactivation]] by CYP2D6</small> !! Inhibitors !! Inducers
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|<!--substrates-->
* All<ref name=FASS/> [[tricyclic antidepressants]], e.g.
** [[imipramine]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
** [[amitriptyline]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
** etc.
* Most<ref name=FASS/> [[SSRI]]s (antidepressant), e.g.
** [[fluoxetine]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
** [[paroxetine]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
** [[fluvoxamine]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
* [[venlafaxine]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/> ([[serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor|SNRI]] antidepressant)
* [[duloxetine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor|SNRI]], moderate sensitive substrates of CYP2D6<ref name=Flockhart/>)
* [[mianserin]]<ref name=FASS/> ([[tetracyclic antidepressant]])
* [[mirtazapine]]<ref name=FASS/> ([[antidepressant]])
* [[opioids]]
** [[codeine]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/> [[bioactivation|↑]] [into [[morphine]]]<ref name=Leeder>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leeder JS | title = Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics | journal = Pediatric Clinics of North America | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | pages = 765–781 | date = June 2001 | pmid = 11411304 | doi = 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70338-2 }}</ref>
** [[tramadol]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/> [[bioactivation|↑]] [into [[O-desmethyltramadol]]]<ref name=Leeder/>
** [[N-desmethyltramadol]] [inactive] [[bioactivation|↑]] [into N,O-didesmethyltramadol]
** [[oxycodone]]<ref name=Flockhart/> '''[[Bioactivation|↑]]''' [into [[oxymorphone]]]
** [[hydrocodone]] [[bioactivation|↑]] [into [[hydromorphone]]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00956 |title= Hydrocodone |publisher= Drugbank |access-date= 14 June 2011 |archive-date= 6 September 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110906061646/http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00956 |url-status= live }}</ref>
** [[tapentadol]]
* [[antipsychotics]], e.g.
** [[clopixol]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20946203/ | pmid=20946203 | date=2010 | title=Characterisation of zuclopenthixol metabolism by in vitro and therapeutic drug monitoring studies | journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | volume=122 | issue=6 | pages=444–453 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01619.x | vauthors = Davies SJ, Westin AA, Castberg I, Lewis G, Lennard MS, Taylor S, Spigset O }}</ref>
** [[haloperidol]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[risperidone]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[perphenazine]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[thioridazine]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[zuclopenthixol]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[iloperidone]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[aripiprazole]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[chlorpromazine]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[levomepromazine]]<ref name=FASS/>
** [[remoxipride]]<ref name=FASS/>
* [[minaprine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[reversible inhibitor of MAO-A|RIMA]] antidepressant)
* [[tamoxifen]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/> [[bioactivation|↑]] [into [[hydroxytamoxifen]]]<ref name="pmid19629072">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoskins JM, Carey LA, McLeod HL | title = CYP2D6 and tamoxifen: DNA matters in breast cancer | journal = Nature Reviews. Cancer | volume = 9 | issue = 8 | pages = 576–586 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19629072 | doi = 10.1038/nrc2683 | s2cid = 19501089 }}</ref> ([[selective estrogen receptor modulator|SERM]])
* [[beta-blockers]]
** [[metoprolol]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[timolol]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[alprenolol]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[carvedilol]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
** [[bufuralol]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
** [[nebivolol]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
** [[propranolol]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
* [[debrisoquine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[antihypertensive]])
* Class I [[antiarrhythmics]]
** [[flecainide]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[propafenone]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[encainide]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[mexiletine]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
** [[lidocaine]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
** [[sparteine]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
* [[ondansetron]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/> ([[antiemetic]])
* [[donepezil]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/> ([[acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]])
* [[phenformin]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/> ([[antidiabetic]])
* [[tropisetron]]<ref name=FASS/> ([[5-HT3 receptor antagonist]])
* [[stimulants]]
** [[amphetamine]]<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kraemer T, Maurer HH | title = Toxicokinetics of amphetamines: metabolism and toxicokinetic data of designer drugs, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and their N-alkyl derivatives | journal = Therapeutic Drug Monitoring | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 277–289 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 11897973 | doi = 10.1097/00007691-200204000-00009 | ref = amph }}</ref>
** [[dextroamphetamine]]<ref name=":0" /> (active metabolite of [[lisdexamfetamine]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ermer JC, Pennick M, Frick G | title = Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: Prodrug Delivery, Amphetamine Exposure and Duration of Efficacy | journal = Clinical Drug Investigation | volume = 36 | issue = 5 | pages = 341–356 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27021968 | pmc = 4823324 | doi = 10.1007/s40261-015-0354-y }}</ref>)
** [[levoamphetamine]]<ref name=":0" />
** [[methamphetamine]]<ref name=":0" />
** [[dextromethamphetamine]]<ref name=":0" />
** [[Levmetamfetamine|levomethamphetamine]]<ref name=":0" />
** [[3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine|3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine]]<ref name=":0" />
** [[3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine|3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine]]<ref name=":0" />
*  [[Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor|NRI]]
** [[atomoxetine]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name="Dean 2020 d887">{{cite book |  vauthors = Dean L | chapter = Atomoxetine Therapy and CYP2D6 Genotype | veditors = Pratt VM, Scott SA, Pirmohamed M, Esquivel B, Kattman BL, Malheiro AJ | title = Medical Genetics Summaries [Internet]. | location = Bethesda (MD) | publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (US) | date=2020-06-29 | pmid=28520366 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK315951/ | access-date=2024-04-24}}</ref><ref name="Brown Abdel-Rahman van Haandel Gaedigk 2016 pp. 642–650">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown JT, Abdel-Rahman SM, van Haandel L, Gaedigk A, Lin YS, Leeder JS | title = Single dose, CYP2D6 genotype-stratified pharmacokinetic study of atomoxetine in children with ADHD | journal = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 99 | issue = 6 | pages = 642–650 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 26660002 | pmc = 4862932 | doi = 10.1002/cpt.319 }}</ref>
* [[H3 receptor antagonist]]/inverse agonist
** [[pitolisant]]<ref name="Wakix Prescribing Information">{{cite web| title=Wakix pitolisant tablets Prescribing Information| website=Wakix HCP| url=https://www.wakixhcp.com/assets/pdf/WAKIX__pitolisant__tablets_PI_Dec_2022.pdf#page10| access-date=11 January 2023| archive-date=11 January 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111213055/https://www.wakixhcp.com/assets/pdf/WAKIX__pitolisant__tablets_PI_Dec_2022.pdf#page10| url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[chlorphenamine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[antihistamine]])
* [[dexfenfluramine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[serotonin]]ergic [[anorectic]])
* [[dextromethorphan]]<ref name=Flockhart/> [[bioactivation|↑]] [into [[dextrorphan]]] ([[antitussive]])
* [[metoclopramide]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[dopamine antagonist]])
* [[perhexiline]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[antianginal agent]])
* [[phenacetin]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[analgesic]])
* [[promethazine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[antihistamine]] [[antiemetic]])
* [[m-tyramine|''m''-tyramine]]<ref name="CYP2D6 tyramine-dopamine metabolism" />
* [[p-tyramine|''p''-tyramine]]<ref name="CYP2D6 tyramine-dopamine metabolism" />
* [[Lysergic acid diethylamide]] (LSD)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vizeli P, Straumann I, Holze F, Schmid Y, Dolder PC, Liechti ME | title = Genetic influence of CYP2D6 on pharmacokinetics and acute subjective effects of LSD in a pooled analysis | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 10851 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 34035391 | pmc = 8149637 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-021-90343-y | bibcode = 2021NatSR..1110851V }}</ref>
* [[5-MeO-DMT|5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shen HW, Jiang XL, Winter JC, Yu AM | title = Psychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actions | journal = Current Drug Metabolism | volume = 11 | issue = 8 | pages = 659–666 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20942780 | pmc = 3028383 | doi = 10.2174/138920010794233495 }}</ref>
* [[Calcium channel blocker]]
** [[diltiazem]] (minor/moderate sensitive substrate) <ref name="DailyMed 2017">{{cite web | title=DILTIAZEM HCL CD- diltiazem hydrochloride capsule, coated, extended release | website=DailyMed | date=1 February 2017 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5e39be50-ea17-4077-a2dc-668267049f6a | access-date=31 January 2019 | archive-date=31 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131145508/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5e39be50-ea17-4077-a2dc-668267049f6a | url-status=live }}</ref>
** [[nifedipine]] (minor/moderate sensitive substrate)<ref name="DailyMed 2012">{{cite web | title=NIFEDIPINE EXTENDED RELEASE- nifedipine tablet, extended release | website=DailyMed | date=29 November 2012 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=4617417a-08df-4417-a944-dfc30de183db | access-date=1 February 2019 | archive-date=31 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131061535/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=4617417a-08df-4417-a944-dfc30de183db | url-status=live }}</ref>
||

'''Strong'''<!--inhibitors-->
* Certain [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRI]]s
** [[fluoxetine]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS>{{cite web | publisher = [[FASS (drug formulary)]] | title = Kombinera läkemedel| url = http://www.fass.se/LIF/produktfakta/fakta_lakare_artikel.jsp?articleID=18352 | work = Swedish environmental classification of pharmaceuticals | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020611044953/http://www.fass.se/LIF/produktfakta/fakta_lakare_artikel.jsp?articleID=18352 | archive-date=11 June 2002 }} Facts for prescribers (Fakta för förskrivare), retrieved July 2011</ref>
** [[paroxetine]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/>
* [[bupropion]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name="pmid15876900">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kotlyar M, Brauer LH, Tracy TS, Hatsukami DK, Harris J, Bronars CA, Adson DE | title = Inhibition of CYP2D6 activity by bupropion | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 226–229 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15876900 | doi = 10.1097/01.jcp.0000162805.46453.e3 | s2cid = 24591644 }}</ref> (non-SSRI antidepressant)
* [[quinidine]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=FASS/> ([[class I antiarrhythmic agent]])
* [[quinine]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fasinu PS, Tekwani BL, Avula B, Chaurasiya ND, Nanayakkara NP, Wang YH, Khan IA, Walker LA | title = Pathway-specific inhibition of primaquine metabolism by chloroquine/quinine | journal = Malaria Journal | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 466 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27618912 | pmc = 5020452 | doi = 10.1186/s12936-016-1509-x | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[cinacalcet]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[calcimimetic]])
* [[ritonavir]]<ref name=FASS/> ([[antiretroviral]])
* [[cannabidiol]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doh.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/doh/publication/attachments/Medical%20Cannabis%20Adverse%20Effects%20and%20Drug%20Interactions_0.pdf|title=Medical Cannabis Adverse Effects & Drug Interactions|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214100618/https://doh.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/doh/publication/attachments/Medical%20Cannabis%20Adverse%20Effects%20and%20Drug%20Interactions_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Moderate'''<!--inhibitors-->
* [[duloxetine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor|SNRI]])
* [[terbinafine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[Antifungal medication|antifungal]])

'''Weak'''<!--inhibitors-->
* [[amiodarone]]<ref name=Flockhart>{{cite web |title=Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P<sub>450</sub> Drug Interaction Table |publisher=[[Indiana University School of Medicine]] |year=2007 |url=http://medicine.iupui.edu/flockhart/table.htm |access-date=25 July 2010 |archive-date=10 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053126/http://medicine.iupui.edu/flockhart/table.htm |url-status=live }} Retrieved in July 2011</ref> ([[antiarrhythmic]])
* [[berberine]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao Y, Hellum BH, Liang A, Nilsen OG | title = Inhibitory Mechanisms of Human CYPs by Three Alkaloids Isolated from Traditional Chinese Herbs | journal = Phytotherapy Research | volume = 29 | issue = 6 | pages = 825–834 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 25640685 | doi = 10.1002/ptr.5285 | s2cid = 24002845 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22855269">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hermann R, von Richter O | title = Clinical evidence of herbal drugs as perpetrators of pharmacokinetic drug interactions | journal = Planta Medica | volume = 78 | issue = 13 | pages = 1458–1477 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22855269 | doi = 10.1055/s-0032-1315117 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid30086269">{{cite journal | vauthors = Feng P, Zhao L, Guo F, Zhang B, Fang L, Zhan G, Xu X, Fang Q, Liang Z, Li B | title = The enhancement of cardiotoxicity that results from inhibiton of CYP 3A4 activity and hERG channel by berberine in combination with statins | journal = Chemico-Biological Interactions | volume = 293 | issue =  | pages = 115–123 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30086269 | doi = 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.07.022 | s2cid = 206489481 | bibcode = 2018CBI...293..115F }}</ref> (an [[alkaloid]] found in plants like [[berberis]])
* [[buprenorphine]]<ref name="pmid12756210">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang W, Ramamoorthy Y, Tyndale RF, Sellers EM | title = Interaction of buprenorphine and its metabolite norbuprenorphine with cytochromes p450 in vitro | journal = Drug Metabolism and Disposition | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 768–772 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12756210 | doi = 10.1124/dmd.31.6.768 }}</ref> (in opioid addiction)
* [[cimetidine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[H2-receptor antagonist]])
* [[citalopram]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name = "drugs.com">{{cite web| url = https://www.drugs.com/pro/citalopram-oral-solution.html| title = Citalopram Oral Solution| work = Drugs.com| access-date = 23 January 2018| archive-date = 8 February 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180208171338/https://www.drugs.com/pro/citalopram-oral-solution.html| url-status = live}}</ref> ([[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRI]])
* [[escitalopram]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name = "drugs.com" /><ref name="UpToDate Escitalopram">{{cite web | title=Escitalopram-drug-information | website=UpToDate | url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/escitalopram-drug-information | access-date=22 May 2019 | archive-date=28 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028173743/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/escitalopram-drug-information | url-status=live }}</ref> ([[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRI]])
* [[fluvoxamine]]<ref name="FDA_drug_development">{{cite journal|title=Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers|journal=FDA|date=26 May 2021|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-interactions-labeling/drug-development-and-drug-interactions-table-substrates-inhibitors-and-inducers|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-date=4 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104173036/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-interactions-labeling/drug-development-and-drug-interactions-table-substrates-inhibitors-and-inducers|url-status=live}}</ref>  ([[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRI]])
* [[methylphenidate]]<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.gjpsy.uni-goettingen.de/gjp-article-nevels.pdf | title = Methylphenidate and Its Under-recognized, Under- explained, and Serious Drug Interactions: A Review of the Literature with Heightened Concerns | journal = German Journal of Psychiatry | date = July 2013 | pages = 29–42 | vauthors = Nevels RM, Weiss NH, Killebrew AE, Gontkovsky ST | access-date = 31 August 2016 | archive-date = 9 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180409223309/http://www.gjpsy.uni-goettingen.de/gjp-article-nevels.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* [[diltiazem]]<ref name="DailyMed 2017"/>
* [[felodipine]]<ref name="Bailey Bend Arnold Tran 1996 pp. 25–33">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bailey DG, Bend JR, Arnold JM, Tran LT, Spence JD | title = Erythromycin-felodipine interaction: magnitude, mechanism, and comparison with grapefruit juice | journal = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–33 | date = July 1996 | pmid = 8689808 | doi = 10.1016/s0009-9236(96)90163-0 | s2cid = 1246705 }}</ref><ref name="Lown Bailey Fontana Janardan pp. 2545–2553">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lown KS, Bailey DG, Fontana RJ, Janardan SK, Adair CH, Fortlage LA, Brown MB, Guo W, Watkins PB | title = Grapefruit juice increases felodipine oral availability in humans by decreasing intestinal CYP3A protein expression | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 99 | issue = 10 | pages = 2545–2553 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9153299 | pmc = 508096 | doi = 10.1172/jci119439 }}</ref><ref name="Guengerich Brian Iwasaki Sari 1991 pp. 1838–44">{{cite journal | vauthors = Guengerich FP, Brian WR, Iwasaki M, Sari MA, Bäärnhielm C, Berntsson P | title = Oxidation of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and analogues by human liver cytochrome P-450 IIIA4 | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 34 | issue = 6 | pages = 1838–1844 | date = June 1991 | pmid = 2061924 | doi = 10.1021/jm00110a012 }}</ref>
* [[mirtazapine]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Owen JR, Nemeroff CB | title = New antidepressants and the cytochrome P450 system: focus on venlafaxine, nefazodone, and mirtazapine | journal = Depression and Anxiety | volume = 7 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = 24–32 | date = 30 May 1998 | pmid = 9597349 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1998)7:1+<24::AID-DA7>3.0.CO;2-F | url = https://researchers.dellmed.utexas.edu/en/publications/new-antidepressants-and-the-cytochrome-psub450sub-system-focus-on | access-date = 1 November 2019 | url-status = dead | s2cid = 34832618 | url-access = subscription | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191101160947/https://researchers.dellmed.utexas.edu/en/publications/new-antidepressants-and-the-cytochrome-psub450sub-system-focus-on | archive-date = 1 November 2019 }}</ref>
* [[sertraline]]<ref name="FDA_drug_development" /><ref name="pmid15257068">{{cite journal | vauthors = Spina E, D'Arrigo C, Migliardi G, Morgante L, Zoccali R, Ancione M, Madia A | title = Plasma risperidone concentrations during combined treatment with sertraline | journal = Therapeutic Drug Monitoring | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 386–390 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15257068 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1097/00007691-200408000-00008 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10950472">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sproule BA, Otton SV, Cheung SW, Zhong XH, Romach MK, Sellers EM | title = CYP2D6 inhibition in patients treated with sertraline | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 102–106 | date = April 1997 | pmid = 10950472 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1097/00004714-199704000-00007 }}</ref> ([[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|SSRI]])

'''<!--inhibitors of-->Unspecified potency'''
* [[antipsychotic]]s
** [[haloperidol]]<ref name=fass-codeine>{{cite web | publisher = [[FASS (drug formulary)|FASS]] | url = http://www.fass.se/LIF/produktfakta/artikel_produkt.jsp?NplID=19731109000032&DocTypeID=6 | work = The Swedish official drug catalog | title = Kodein Recip | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114446/http://www.fass.se/LIF/produktfakta/artikel_produkt.jsp?NplID=19731109000032&DocTypeID=6 | archive-date=19 July 2011 }} Last reviewed 8 April 2008</ref><ref name=Flockhart/><ref name="pmid11167668">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shin JG, Kane K, Flockhart DA | title = Potent inhibition of CYP2D6 by haloperidol metabolites: stereoselective inhibition by reduced haloperidol | journal = British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–52 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11167668 | pmc = 2014431 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2001.01313.x }}</ref> 
** [[perphenazine]]<ref name=Flockhart/><ref name=fass-codeine/>
** [[thioridazine]]<ref name=fass-codeine/>
** [[zuclopenthixol]]<ref name=fass-codeine/>
** [[chlorpromazine]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
* [[antihistamine]]s ([[H1-receptor antagonists]])
** [[promethazine]]<ref name="pmid11936702">{{cite journal | vauthors = He N, Zhang WQ, Shockley D, Edeki T | title = Inhibitory effects of H1-antihistamines on CYP2D6- and CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolic reactions in human liver microsomes | journal = European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 57 | issue = 12 | pages = 847–851 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11936702 | doi = 10.1007/s00228-001-0399-0 | s2cid = 601644 }}</ref> ([[sedative|antipsychotic]])
** [[chlorphenamine]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
** [[diphenhydramine]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
** [[hydroxyzine]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
** [[tripelennamine]]<ref name=Flockhart/>
* [[celecoxib]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[NSAID]])
* [[clemastine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[antihistamine]] and [[anticholinergic]])
* [[clomipramine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[tricyclic antidepressant]])
* [[cocaine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[stimulant]])
* [[doxepin]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[tricyclic antidepressant]], [[anxiolytic]])
* [[doxorubicin]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[chemotherapeutic]])
* [[halofantrine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> (in [[malaria]])
* [[hyperforin]] ([[St. Johns Wort]])<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/13880200490512034 |title=''In Vitro'' Activity of St. John's Wort Against Cytochrome P450 Isozymes and P-Glycoprotein |journal=Pharmaceutical Biology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=159–69 |year=2008 | vauthors = Foster BC, Sockovie ER, Vandenhoek S, Bellefeuille N, Drouin CE, Krantis A, Budzinski JW, Livesey J, Arnason JR |s2cid=2366709 }}</ref>
* [[levomepromazine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[antipsychotic]])
* [[methadone]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[opioid]] and [[anti-addictive]])
* [[metoclopramide]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[antiemetic]], [[prokinetic]])
* [[mibefradil]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[calcium channel blocker]])
* [[midodrine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[Alpha-1 adrenergic agonist|α<sub>1</sub> agonist]])
* [[moclobemide]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[antidepressant]])
* [[Niacin (nutrient)|niacin]]<ref name = "Gaudineau_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gaudineau C, Auclair K | title = Inhibition of human P450 enzymes by nicotinic acid and nicotinamide | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 317 | issue = 3 | pages = 950–956 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15081432 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.137 | author-link2 = Karine Auclair }}</ref> ([[nicotinic acid]]) and its form – [[niacinamide]] ([[nicotinamide]]), collectively called as [[vitamin B3]]
* [[sesame]]<ref name="pmid30558213">{{cite journal | vauthors = Briguglio M, Hrelia S, Malaguti M, Serpe L, Canaparo R, Dell'Osso B, Galentino R, De Michele S, Dina CZ, Porta M, Banfi G | title = Food Bioactive Compounds and Their Interference in Drug Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Profiles | journal = Pharmaceutics | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 277 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30558213 | pmc = 6321138 | doi = 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040277 | doi-access = free }}</ref> (seeds, oil)
* [[ticlopidine]]<ref name=Flockhart/> ([[antiplatelet drug|antiplatelet]])

||

'''Strong'''<!--inducers-->
* [[glutethimide]]<!-- <ref name=Dave/> --> ([[hypnotic|hypnotic sedative]])
'''<!--inducers of-->Unspecified potency'''
* [[haloperidol]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kudo S, Ishizaki T | title = Pharmacokinetics of haloperidol: an update | journal = Clinical Pharmacokinetics | volume = 37 | issue = 6 | pages = 435–456 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10628896 | doi = 10.2165/00003088-199937060-00001 | s2cid = 71360020 }}</ref> ([[typical antipsychotic]])
|-
|}

===Dopamine biosynthesis===
{{Catecholamine and trace amine biosynthesis|caption=In humans, [[catecholamine]]s and phenethylaminergic [[trace amine]]s are derived from the amino acid [[phenylalanine]]. It is well established that dopamine is produced from L-tyrosine via L-dopa; however, recent evidence has shown that CYP2D6 is expressed in the human brain and catalyzes the biosynthesis of dopamine from L-tyrosine via ''p''-tyramine.<ref name="CYP2D6 tyramine-dopamine metabolism" /> Similarly, CYP2D6 also metabolizes [[m-tyramine|''m''-tyramine]] into dopamine.<ref name="CYP2D6 tyramine-dopamine metabolism" />}}