Editing Cancer research (section)

===Detection===
{{Further|Cancer screening}}
{{See also|Biomarker}}
Prompt detection of cancer is important, since it is usually more difficult to treat in later stages.  Accurate detection of cancer is also important because false positives can cause harm from unnecessary medical procedures.  Some screening protocols are currently not accurate (such as [[prostate-specific antigen]] testing).  Others such as a [[colonoscopy]] or [[mammogram]] are unpleasant and as a result some patients may opt out.  Active research is underway to address all these problems, to develop novel ways of cancer screening and to increase detection rates.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}{{explain|date=December 2022}}

For example:
* [[Multimodal learning]] [[artificial intelligence in healthcare|AI]] systems are being developed to help detect many cancer types via [[Data integration#Medicine and Life Sciences|integrating]] different types of data.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Quach |first1=Katyanna |title=Harvard boffins build multimodal AI system to predict cancer |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/08/09/ai_cancer_multimodal/ |access-date=16 September 2022 |work=The Register |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Richard J. |last2=Lu |first2=Ming Y. |last3=Williamson |first3=Drew F. K. |last4=Chen |first4=Tiffany Y. |last5=Lipkova |first5=Jana |last6=Noor |first6=Zahra |last7=Shaban |first7=Muhammad |last8=Shady |first8=Maha |last9=Williams |first9=Mane |last10=Joo |first10=Bumjin |last11=Mahmood |first11=Faisal |title=Pan-cancer integrative histology-genomic analysis via multimodal deep learning |journal=Cancer Cell |date=8 August 2022 |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=865–878.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2022.07.004 |pmid=35944502 |pmc=10397370 |s2cid=251456162 |doi-access=free }}
* Teaching hospital press release: {{cite news |title=New AI technology integrates multiple data types to predict cancer outcomes |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-08-ai-technology-multiple-cancer-outcomes.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=[[Brigham and Women's Hospital]] via medicalxpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Scientists work on identifying and measurability of novel [[biomarker]]s or sets of such to detect cancer early, such as tumor-associated [[Mycobiome#Humans|mycobiomes]] and [[Microbiome#Microbiota|bacterial microbiomes]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title=A New Approach to Spotting Tumors: Look for Their Microbes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/29/science/cancer-tumors-fungi-bacteria-microbiome.html |access-date=19 October 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=29 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dohlman |first1=Anders B. |last2=Klug |first2=Jared |last3=Mesko |first3=Marissa |last4=Gao |first4=Iris H. |last5=Lipkin |first5=Steven M. |last6=Shen |first6=Xiling |last7=Iliev |first7=Iliyan D. |title=A pan-cancer mycobiome analysis reveals fungal involvement in gastrointestinal and lung tumors |journal=Cell |date=29 September 2022 |volume=185 |issue=20 |pages=3807–22 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.015 |pmid=36179671 |pmc=9564002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Narunsky-Haziza |first1=Lian |last2=Sepich-Poore |first2=Gregory D. |last3=Livyatan |first3=Ilana |last4=Asraf |first4=Omer |last5=Martino |first5=Cameron |last6=Nejman |first6=Deborah |last7=Gavert |first7=Nancy |last8=Stajich |first8=Jason E. |last9=Amit |first9=Guy |last10=González |first10=Antonio |last11=Wandro |first11=Stephen |last12=Perry |first12=Gili |last13=Ariel |first13=Ruthie |last14=Meltser |first14=Arnon |last15=Shaffer |first15=Justin P. |last16=Zhu |first16=Qiyun |last17=Balint-Lahat |first17=Nora |last18=Barshack |first18=Iris |last19=Dadiani |first19=Maya |last20=Gal-Yam |first20=Einav N. |last21=Patel |first21=Sandip Pravin |last22=Bashan |first22=Amir |last23=Swafford |first23=Austin D. |last24=Pilpel |first24=Yitzhak |last25=Knight |first25=Rob |last26=Straussman |first26=Ravid |title=Pan-cancer analyses reveal cancer-type-specific fungal ecologies and bacteriome interactions |journal=Cell |date=29 September 2022 |volume=185 |issue=20 |pages=3789–3806.e17 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.005 |pmid=36179670 |pmc=9567272 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{explain|date=February 2023}}{{additional citation needed|date=February 2023}}
* Researchers investigate whether [[Working animal#Humans|ants could be used]] as [[biosensor]]s to detect cancer via urine<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Piqueret |first1=Baptiste |last2=Montaudon |first2=Élodie |last3=Devienne |first3=Paul |last4=Leroy |first4=Chloé |last5=Marangoni |first5=Elisabetta |last6=Sandoz |first6=Jean-Christophe |last7=d'Ettorre |first7=Patrizia |title=Ants act as olfactory bio-detectors of tumours in patient-derived xenograft mice |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=25 January 2023 |volume=290 |issue=1991 |pages=20221962 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2022.1962 |pmid=36695032 |pmc=9874262 }}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=February 2023}}