Editing Cancer vaccine (section)

== Clinical trials ==
{{update-section|date=January 2024}}
The clinicaltrials.gov website lists over 1900 trials associated with the term "cancer vaccine". Of these, 186 are Phase 3 trials.{{when|date=January 2024}}
* In a [[Phase III trial]] of [[follicular lymphoma]] (a type of [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]]), investigators reported that the [[BiovaxID]] (on average) prolonged remission by 44.2 months, versus 30.6 months for the control.<ref>[http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=65&abstractID=33572 Idiotype vaccine therapy (BiovaxID) in follicular lymphoma in first complete remission: Phase III clinical trial results.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927163800/http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=65&abstractID=33572 |date=2011-09-27 }} S. J. Schuster, et al. 2009 ASCO Annual Meeting, J Clin Oncol 27:18s, 2009 (suppl; abstr 2)</ref>
* On April 14, 2009, [[Dendreon]] Corporation announced that their Phase III clinical trial of [[sipuleucel-T]], a cancer vaccine designed to treat prostate cancer, had demonstrated an increase in survival. It received [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approval for use in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer patients on April 29, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGeneTherapyProducts/ApprovedProducts/ucm210215.htm |date=2010-04-29 |title=Approval Letter - Provenge |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723023807/https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGeneTherapyProducts/ApprovedProducts/ucm210215.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.genengnews.com/analysis-and-insight/what-comes-after-dendreon-s-provenge/77899342/ |title=What Comes After Dendreon's Provenge? |date=18 Oct 2010 |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814233831/http://www.genengnews.com/analysis-and-insight/what-comes-after-dendreon-s-provenge/77899342/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Interim results from a phase III trial of [[talimogene laherparepvec]] in [[melanoma]] showed a significant tumour response compared to administration of GM-CSF alone.<ref name=":0" />
* A 2015 Trial Watch review of peptide-based vaccines summarized the results of more than 60 trials that were published in the 13 months preceding the article.<ref name="trial" /> These trials targeted hematological malignancies (cancers of the blood), melanoma (skin cancer), breast cancer, head and neck cancer, gastroesophageal cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and colorectal cancers. The antigens included peptides from [[HER2]], [[telomerase]] (TERT), [[survivin]] (BIRC5), and Wilms' tumor 1 ([[WT1]]). Several trials also used "personalized" mixtures of 12-15 distinct peptides. That is, they contain a mixture of peptides from the patient's tumor that the patient exhibits an immune response against. The results of these studies indicate that these peptide vaccines have minimal side effects and suggest that they induce targeted immune responses in patients treated with the vaccines. The article also discusses 19 clinical trials that were initiated in the same time period. These trials are targeting solid tumors, glioma, [[glioblastoma]], melanoma, and breast, cervical, ovarian, colorectal, and non-small lung cell cancers and include antigens from [[MUC1]], IDO1 ([[Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase]]), [[CTAG1B]], and two [[VEGF]] receptors, [[FLT1]] and [[Kinase insert domain receptor|KDR]]. Notably, the IDO1 vaccine is being tested in patients with melanoma in combination with the immune checkpoint inhibitor [[ipilimumab]] and the [[BRAF (gene)]] inhibitor [[vemurafenib]].

The following table, summarizing information from another recent review shows an example of the antigen used in the vaccine tested in Phase 1/2 clinical trials for each of 10 different cancers:<ref name="ant" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cancer type !! Antigen
|-
| [[Bladder cancer]] || [[NY-ESO-1]]
|-
| [[Breast cancer]] || [[HER2]]
|-
| [[Cervical cancer]] || HPV16 E7 ([[Papillomaviridae#E7]])
|-
| [[Colorectal cancer]] || CEA ([[Carcinoembryonic antigen]])
|-
| [[Leukemia]] || [[WT1]]
|-
| [[Melanoma]] || [[MART-1]], [[gp100]], and [[tyrosinase]]
|-
| Non small lung cell cancer ([[NSCLC]]) || URLC10, [[VEGFR1]], and [[VEGFR2]]
|-
| [[Ovarian cancer]] || [[survivin]]
|-
| [[Pancreatic cancer]] || [[MUC1]]
|-
| [[Prostate cancer]] || [[MUC2]]
|}