Editing Cardiac output (section)

====Transcutaneous====
Ultrasonic Cardiac Output Monitor (USCOM) uses [[Continuous wave doppler|continuous wave Doppler]] to measure the Doppler flow profile VTI. It uses [[anthropometry]] to calculate aortic and pulmonary valve diameters and CSAs, allowing right-sided and left-sided ''Q'' measurements. In comparison to the echocardiographic method, USCOM significantly improves reproducibility and increases sensitivity of the detection of changes in flow. Real-time, automatic tracing of the Doppler flow profile allows beat-to-beat right-sided and left-sided ''Q'' measurements, simplifying operation and reducing the time of acquisition compared to conventional echocardiography. USCOM has been validated from 0.12 L/min to 18.7 L/min<ref name="Su">{{cite journal | vauthors = Su BC, Yu HP, Yang MW, Lin CC, Kao MC, Chang CH, Lee WC | title = Reliability of a new ultrasonic cardiac output monitor in recipients of living donor liver transplantation | journal = Liver Transplantation | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 1029–37 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18581505 | doi = 10.1002/lt.21461 | s2cid = 37185399 | doi-access = free }}</ref> in new-born babies,<ref name="Phillips et. al. 3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Phillips R, Paradisis M, Evans N, Southwell D, Burstow D, West M | year = 2006 |title=Cardiac output measurement in preterm neonates: validation of USCOM against echocardiography |journal=Critical Care |volume=10 |issue=Suppl 1 |page=343 |doi=10.1186/cc4690|pmc=4092718 | doi-access = free }}</ref> children<ref name="Cattermole">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cattermole GN, Leung PY, Mak PS, Chan SS, Graham CA, Rainer TH | title = The normal ranges of cardiovascular parameters in children measured using the Ultrasonic Cardiac Output Monitor | journal = Critical Care Medicine | volume = 38 | issue = 9 | pages = 1875–81 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20562697 | doi = 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e8adee | s2cid = 24949904 }}</ref> and adults.<ref name="Jain et. al.">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jain S, Allins A, Salim A, Vafa A, Wilson MT, Margulies DR | title = Noninvasive Doppler ultrasonography for assessing cardiac function: can it replace the Swan-Ganz catheter? | journal = American Journal of Surgery | volume = 196 | issue = 6 | pages = 961–67; discussion 967–68 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19095116 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.07.039 }}</ref> The method can be applied with equal accuracy to patients of all ages for the development of physiologically rational haemodynamic protocols. USCOM is the only method of cardiac output measurement to have achieved equivalent accuracy to the implantable flow probe.<ref name="Phillips et. al. 2"/> This accuracy has ensured high levels of clinical use in conditions including sepsis, heart failure and hypertension.<ref name="Horster">{{cite journal | vauthors = Horster S, Stemmler HJ, Strecker N, Brettner F, Hausmann A, Cnossen J, Parhofer KG, Nickel T, Geiger S | title = Cardiac Output Measurements in Septic Patients: Comparing the Accuracy of USCOM to PiCCO | journal = Critical Care Research and Practice | volume = 2012 | pages = 1–5 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22191019 | pmc = 3235433 | doi = 10.1155/2012/270631 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Phillips et. al. 5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Phillips R, Lichtenthal P, Sloniger J, Burstow D, West M, Copeland J | title = Noninvasive cardiac output measurement in heart failure subjects on circulatory support | journal = Anesthesia and Analgesia | volume = 108 | issue = 3 | pages = 881–86 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19224797 | doi = 10.1213/ane.0b013e318193174b | s2cid = 35618846 }}</ref><ref name="Kager">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kager CC, Dekker GA, Stam MC | title = Measurement of cardiac output in normal pregnancy by a non-invasive two-dimensional independent Doppler device | journal = The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology | volume = 49 | issue = 2 | pages = 142–44 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19441163 | doi = 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.00948.x | s2cid = 25371483 | doi-access = free }}</ref>