Editing Cardiff Castle (section)

===15th–16th centuries===
[[File:South Gate, Cardiff Castle.JPG|thumb|The South Gate, showing the restored 15th century Black Tower (l) and the barbican tower (r)]]
By the 15th century, the Despensers were increasingly using Caerphilly Castle as their main residence in the region rather than Cardiff.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodall|2011|pp=3192, 44}}</ref> [[Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester|Thomas le Despenser]] was executed in 1400 on charges of conspiring against [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]].<ref name=Grant1923P53>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=53}}</ref> In 1401 rebellion broke out in North Wales under the leadership of [[Owain Glyndŵr]], quickly spreading across the rest of the country. In 1404 Cardiff and the castle were taken by the rebels, causing considerable damage to the Black Tower and the southern gatehouse in the process.<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|pp=31, 34–35}}</ref> On Thomas's death the castle passed first to his young son, [[Richard le Despenser, 4th Baron Burghersh|Richard]], and on his death in 1414, through his daughter [[Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester|Isabel]] to the Beauchamp family.<ref name=Grant1923P53/> Isabel first married [[Richard de Beauchamp, 1st Earl of Worcester|Richard de Beauchamp]], the [[Earl of Worcester]] and then, on his death, to his cousin [[Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick|Richard de Beauchamp]], the [[Earl of Warwick]], in 1423.<ref name=Grant1923P53/>

Richard did not acquire Caerphilly Castle as part of the marriage settlement, so he set about redeveloping Cardiff instead.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodall|2011|p=344}}</ref> He built a new tower alongside the Black Tower in 1430, restoring the gateway, and extended the motte defences.<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=31}}; {{harvnb|Goodall|2011|p=344}}</ref> He also constructed a substantial new domestic range in the south-west of the site between 1425 and 1439, with a central octagonal tower {{convert|75|ft|adj=on}} high, sporting defensive [[machicolation]]s, and featuring four smaller polygonal turrets facing the inner bailey.<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=37}}; {{harvnb|Goodall|2011|p=344}}; {{harvnb|Clark|1884|p=341}}</ref> The range was built of [[Lias Group|Lias]] ashlar stone with [[limestone]] used for some of the details, set upon the spur bases characteristic of South Wales and incorporated parts of the older 4th and 13th century walls.<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=37}}; {{harvnb|Goodall|2011|p=344}}; {{harvnb|Clark|1884|pp=341–342}}</ref> The buildings were influenced by similar work in the previous century at [[Windsor Castle]] and would in turn shape renovations at [[Newport Castle|Newport]] and [[Nottingham Castle]]s; the octagonal tower has architectural links to Guy's Tower, built at around the same time in [[Warwick Castle]].<ref>{{harvnb|Goodall|2011|p=344}}; {{harvnb|Clark|1884|p=342}}</ref> A flower garden was built to the south of the range, with private access to Richard's chambers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | title=Cardiff Castle and Bute Park | access-date=4 November 2012 | author=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales | publisher=Coflein | page=2 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215132/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | archive-date=21 February 2014 }}; {{harvnb|Clark|1884|p=344}}</ref> Richard also rebuilt the town's wider defences, including a new stone bridge over the River Taff guarded by the West Gate, finishing the work by 1451.<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|pp=35–36}}</ref>

[[File:The West Gate, Cardiff, by Paul Sandby.jpg|thumb|left|The 15th-century main lodgings and West Gate, shown in a late 18th-century watercolour by [[Paul Sandby]]]]
Cardiff Castle remained in the hands of Richard's son [[Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick|Henry]] and Henry's daughter [[Anne de Beauchamp, 15th Countess of Warwick|Anne]] until 1449.<ref name=Grant1923P53/> When Anne died, it passed by marriage to [[Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick|Richard Neville]], who held it until his death in 1471 during the period of civil strife known as the [[Wars of the Roses]].<ref name=Grant1923P53/> As the conflict progressed and political fortunes rose and fell, the castle passed from [[George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence|George]], the [[Duke of Clarence]], to [[Richard III of England|Richard]], [[Duke of Gloucester]], to [[Jasper Tudor]], the [[Duke of Bedford]], back to Richard Neville's wife [[Anne Neville, 16th Countess of Warwick|Anne]], back to Jasper and finally to Prince Henry, the future [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]].<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=54}}</ref> The ascension of the [[Tudor dynasty]] to the English throne at the end of the wars heralded a change in the way Wales was administered. The Tudors were Welsh in origin, and their rule eased hostilities between the Welsh and English. As a result, defensive castles became less important.<ref>{{harvnb|Taylor|1997|p=19}}</ref> In 1495 [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] formally revoked the Marcher territory status of Cardiff Castle and the surrounding territories, bringing them under normal English law as the [[County of Glamorgan]].<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=60}}</ref>

The Crown leased the castle to [[Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester|Charles Somerset]] in 1513; Charles used it while he was living in Cardiff.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|1884|p=337}}</ref> In 1550 [[William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (10th Creation)|William Herbert]], later the [[Earl of Pembroke]], then bought Cardiff Castle and the surrounding estates from [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]].<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=54}}; {{harvnb|Clark|1884|p=337}}</ref> The outer bailey contained a range of buildings at this time, and extensive building work was carried out during the century.<ref>{{harvnb|Webster|1981|p=210}}</ref> The Shire Hall had been built in the outer bailey, forming part of a walled complex of buildings that included the lodgings for the traditional twelve holders of castle-guard lands.<ref>{{harvnb|Webster|1981|p=209}}; {{harvnb|Clark|1884|p=349}}</ref> The outer bailey also included orchards, gardens and a chapel.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|1884|p=349}}</ref> The castle continued to be used to detain criminals during the 16th century, with the Black Tower being used as a prison to hold them; the heretic Thomas Capper was burnt at the castle on the orders of Henry VIII.<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=31}}</ref> The visiting [[antiquarian]] [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]] described the keep as "a great thing and strong, but now in some ruine", but the Black Tower was considered to be in good repair.<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=61}}</ref> In the inner bailey, the Herberts built an Elizabethan extension to the north end of the main lodgings, with large windows looking onto a new northern garden; the southern garden was replaced by a kitchen garden.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | title=Cardiff Castle and Bute Park | access-date=4 November 2012 | author=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales | publisher=Coflein | page=2 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215132/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | archive-date=21 February 2014 }}; {{harvnb|Clark|1884|p=347}}</ref>