Editing Carp (section)

==Breeding==
Selective breeding programs for the common carp include improvement in growth, shape, and resistance to disease. Experiments carried out in the [[USSR]] used [[Hybrid (biology)|crossings]] of [[broodstock]]s to increase genetic diversity, and then selected the species for traits such as growth rate, exterior traits and viability, and/or adaptation to environmental conditions such as variations in temperature.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kirpichnikov | first1 = V.S. | last2 = Ilyasov | first2 = J.I. | last3 = Shart | first3 = L.A. | last4 = Vikhman | first4 = A.A. | last5 = Ganchenko | first5 = M.V. | last6 = Ostashevsky | first6 = A.L. | last7 = Simonov | first7 = V.M. | last8 = Tikhonov | first8 = G.F | last9 = Tjurin | first9 = V.V. | year = 1993 | title = Selection of Krasnodar common carp (''Cyprinus carpio'' L.) for resistance to dropsy: principal results and prospects | journal = Aquaculture | volume = 111 | issue = 1–4| pages = 7–20 | doi = 10.1016/0044-8486(93)90020-Y | bibcode = 1993Aquac.111....7K }}</ref><ref>Babouchkine, Y.P., 1987. La sélection d’une carpe résistant à l’hiver. In: Tiews, K. (Ed.), Proceedings ofWorld Symposium on Selection, Hybridization, and Genetic Engineering in Aquaculture, Bordeaux 27–30 May 1986, vol. 1. HeenemannVerlagsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin, pp.&nbsp;447–454.</ref> Selected carp for fast growth and tolerance to cold, the Ropsha carp.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} The results showed a 30 to 77.4% improvement of cold tolerance, but did not provide any data for growth rate. An increase in growth rate was observed in the second generation in [[Vietnam]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tran | first1 = M.T. | last2 = Nguyen | first2 = C.T. | year = 1993 | title = Selection of common carp (''Cyprinus carpio'' L.) in Vietnam | journal = Aquaculture | volume = 111 | issue = 1–4| pages = 301–302 | doi = 10.1016/0044-8486(93)90064-6 | bibcode = 1993Aquac.111..301M }}</ref> Moav and Wohlfarth (1976) showed positive results when selecting for slower growth for three generations compared to selecting for faster growth.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moav|first1=R.|last2=Wohlfarth|first2=G.W.|year=1976|title=Two-way selection for growth rate in the common carp (''Cyprinus carpio L''.)|journal=Genetics|volume=82|issue=1|pages=83–101|doi=10.1093/genetics/82.1.83|url=https://www.genetics.org/content/82/1/83|pmid=1248737|pmc=1213447}}
</ref> Schaperclaus (1962) showed resistance to the dropsy disease wherein selected lines suffered low mortality (11.5%) compared to unselected (57%).<ref>Schäperclaus, W. 1962. Traité de pisciculture en étang. Vigot Frères, Paris</ref>

The major carp species used traditionally in Chinese aquaculture are the [[Black carp|black]], [[Grass carp|grass]], [[Silver carp|silver]] and [[bighead carp]]. In the 1950s, the Pearl River Fishery Research Institute in China made a technological breakthrough in the induced [[Animal breeding|breeding]] of these carps, which has resulted in a rapid expansion of freshwater aquaculture in China.<ref name=research>[http://www.cafs.ac.cn/english/Research-Achievement.html CAFS research achievement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328012249/http://www.cafs.ac.cn/english/Research-Achievement.html |date=2012-03-28 }} CAFS. Accessed 26 July 2011.</ref> In the late 1990s, scientists at the [[Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences]] developed a new variant of the [[common carp]] called the Jian carp (''Cyprinus carpio'' var. ''Jian''). This fish grows rapidly and has a high [[feed conversion rate]]. Over 50% of the total aquaculture production of carp in China has now converted to Jian carp.<ref name=research /><ref>Jian, Zhu; Jianxin, Wang; Yongsheng, Gong and Jiaxin, Chen (2005) [http://gensel2008.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carp+genetic+resources+for+aquaculture+in+Asia.pdf "Carp Genetic Resources of China"] pp. 26–38. In: David J Penman, Modadugu V Gupta and Madan M Dey (Eds.) ''Carp genetic resources for aquaculture in Asia'', WorldFish Center, Technical report: '''65'''(1727). {{ISBN|978-983-2346-35-7}}.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="4" |The major traditional aquaculture carp of China
|-
| <gallery widths="180">
File:Mylopharyngodon piceus.jpg|{{center|[[Black carp]]}}
File:Hal - Ctenopharyngodon idella - 1.jpg|{{center|[[Grass carp]]}}
File:Hypophthalmichthys molitrix.jpg|{{center|[[Silver carp]]}}
File:Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Bighead carp).jpg|{{center|[[Bighead carp]]}}
</gallery>
|}