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Cauterization
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===Bipolar=== Bipolar electrocautery passes the current between two tips of a forceps-like tool. It has the advantage of not disturbing other electrical body rhythms (such as the heart) and also coagulates tissue by pressure. Lateral thermal injury is greater in unipolar than bipolar devices.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Sabiston textbook of surgery |isbn = 978-1-4377-1560-6|page = 235|edition = 19th|year = 2012|last1 = Sabiston|first1 = David C.| publisher=Elsevier Saunders }}</ref> Electrocauterization is preferable to chemical cauterization, because chemicals can leach into neighbouring tissue and cauterize outside of intended boundaries.<ref>See R. McElroy{{missing long citation|date=January 2025}} for details of various operations and the unintended effects of chemical cauterization</ref> Concern has also been raised regarding toxicity of the [[surgical smoke]] electrocautery produces. This contains chemicals that, through inhalation, may harm patients or medical staff.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00464-011-1872-1 |title=A single-blind controlled study of electrocautery and ultrasonic scalpel smoke plumes in laparoscopic surgery |year=2011 |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=J. Edward F. |last2=Malik |first2=Momin |last3=Ahmed |first3=Irfan |journal=Surgical Endoscopy |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=337β342 |pmid=21898022|s2cid=10211847 }}</ref> [[Ultrasound|Ultrasonic]] coagulation and ablation systems are also available.
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