Editing Caviar (section)

==Industry==
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright"
|+ Top 16 Caviar Producers in 2017<ref name="caviar-production">{{cite journal |last1=Bronzi |first1=Paolo |last2=Chebanov |first2=Mikhail |last3=Michaels |first3=James T. |last4=Wei |first4=Qiwei |last5=Rosenthal |first5=Harald |last6=Gessner |first6=Joern |title=Sturgeon meat and caviar production: Global update 2017 |journal=Journal of Applied Ichthyology |date=February 2019 |volume=35 |issue=1 |page=263 |doi=10.1111/jai.13870 |url=https://archive.org/details/httpsdoi.org10.1111jai.13870|doi-access=free |bibcode=2019JApIc..35..257B }}</ref>
|-
! class="unsortable"|Country !! Caviar (Tonnes)
|-
| China || 100
|-
| Russia || 49
|-
| Italy || 43
|-
| France || 37
|-
| Poland || 20
|-
| Germany || 16
|-
| USA || 16
|-
| Bulgaria || 8
|-
| Uruguay || 6
|-
| Israel || 5
|-
| Saudi Arabia || 5
|-
| Spain || 5
|-
| Armenia || 4
|-
| Belgium || 4
|-
| Finland || 4
|-
| Iran || 4
|}

===China===
China produces the most caviar of any single country.<ref name="best">{{cite news|title=The World Is Eating Chinese Caviar (And Doesn't Know It)|url=http://www.thatsmags.com/beijing/post/17511/the-world-is-eating-chinese-caviar-and-doesn-t-know-it|publisher=that's|date=4 February 2017}}</ref> The largest caviar company in the world is the Chinese brand [[Kaluga Queen]], which cultivates sturgeon at [[Qiandao Lake]] in [[Zhejiang]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Krader|first1=Kate|title=The World's Best Caviar Doesn't Come From Russia Anymore|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-19/the-world-s-best-caviar-doesn-t-come-from-russia-anymore|access-date=20 September 2017|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=19 September 2017}}</ref>

===Russia===
In the wake of over-fishing, the harvest and sale of black caviar were banned in Russia in 2007.<ref>[http://www.newzy.net/2011/02/15/russians-caviar-in-europe/ "After a nine year ban Russia has begun exporting sturgeon caviar to the European Union"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306142314/http://www.newzy.net/2011/02/15/russians-caviar-in-europe/ |date=6 March 2011 }}, Newzy.net, 21 February 2011</ref> The ban on sturgeon fishing in the [[Caspian Sea]] has led to the development of [[aquaculture]] as an economically viable means of commercial caviar production.<ref>[http://www.cfbf.com/agalert/AgAlertStory.cfm?ID=408&ck=0D0FD7C6E093F7B804FA0150B875B868 California Farm Bureau Federation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529095608/http://www.cfbf.com/agalert/AgAlertStory.cfm?ID=408&ck=0D0FD7C6E093F7B804FA0150B875B868 |date=29 May 2006 }} – Farmers tame prehistoric fish to make food fit for a king</ref> Russian caviar exports were also banned from 2002 to 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Shaun |title=Russian caviar goes back on the European menu after nine years |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russian-caviar-goes-back-on-the-european-menu-after-nine-years-2205035.html |access-date=30 March 2024}}</ref>

===Italy===
[[File:Sturgeon fishing in the Po river.JPG|thumb|Sturgeon fishing in the Po river in 1950, Italy]]
[[Cristoforo da Messisbugo]] in his book ''Libro novo nel qual si insegna a far d'ogni sorte di vivanda'', Venice, 1564, at page 110, gave the first recorded recipe in Italy about extraction of the eggs from the roe and caviar preparation "to be consumed fresh or to preserve".<ref>{{cite news |last=Cristoforo da Messisbugo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCU6AAAAcAAJ |title= Libro novo nel qual si insegna a far d'ogni sorte di vivanda |publisher=Venezia |year=1564 }}</ref>
The writer and voyager [[Jérôme Lalande]] in his book "''Voyage en Italie''", Paris, 1771, vol. 8, page 269, noted that many sturgeon were caught in the Po delta area in the territory of [[Ferrara]].<ref>{{cite news |last= Joseph-Jérôme De Lalande | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TB2MNcYRmF0C&q=delalande+voyage+en+italie&pg=PP3 |title= Voyage en Italie |publisher=Paris |year=1771 }}</ref>
In 1753 a diplomatic war broke out between the [[Papal States]], governing the Ferrara territory, and the [[Venetian Republic]] about sturgeon fishing rights in the Po River, the border between the two states.<ref>Archivio di Stato di Roma, Commissariato Generale della Reverenda Camera Apostolica, busta 546, Controversia coi veneziani sulla pesca nel Po di Corbola</ref> From about 1920 and until 1942, there was a shop in Ferrara, named "Nuta" from the nickname of the owner Benvenuta Ascoli, that processed all the sturgeons caught in the Po River for caviar extraction, using an elaboration of the original Messisbugo recipe, and shipped it to Italy and Europe. A new owner sporadically continued production until 1972, when the sturgeon stopped swimming up the Po River. Since 2015, some sturgeon have reappeared in the Po.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wscs.info/news/news/sturgeon/big-sturgeon.aspx|title=Big sturgeon|first=Jam|last=Area|website=wscs.info}}</ref>

Currently, Italian caviar is obtained almost entirely from bred sturgeons. The caviar production is concentrated predominantly in [[Brescia]], which is considered the capital of Italian caviar:<ref name="BSCaviar">{{cite news|url=http://www.quibrescia.it/cms/2015/03/26/e-brescia-la-capitale-mndiale-del-caviale/|title=È Brescia la capitale mondiale del caviale|language=it|trans-title=Brescia is the world capital of caviar|website=quibrescia.it |date=26 March 2015 |access-date= 7 September 2017}}</ref> in this area, in [[Calvisano]], is located the world's largest sturgeon farm<ref>{{cite news|first=Jane|last=Black|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/26/world/americas/26iht-caviar.2943297.html?pagewanted=all|title=Caviar from farms instead of the seas|newspaper=The New York Times |date=26 September 2006 |access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref> that produces annually 25 tonnes of caviar.<ref name="BSCaviar"/> Italy is a top producer of caviar.<ref name="ITCaviar">{{cite web|url=http://www.agi.it/international/2016/04/05/news/forget_the_caspian_sea_italy_is_king_of_caviar-671166/|title=Forget the Caspian Sea, Italy is king of caviar|author=AGI|work=AGI|date=2016-04-05|access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref>

===North America===
In the early 20th century, [[Canada]] and the [[United States]] were the major caviar suppliers to [[Europe]]; they harvested roe from the [[lake sturgeon]] in the [[Midwestern United States|North American Midwest]], and from the [[shortnose sturgeon]] and the [[Atlantic sturgeon]] spawning in the rivers of the [[East Coast of the United States]]. The American caviar industry started when Henry Schacht, a German immigrant, opened a business catching sturgeon on the Delaware River. He treated his caviar with German salt and exported a great deal of it to Europe. Around the same time, sturgeon was fished from the Columbia River on the [[West Coast of the United States]], also supplying caviar. American caviar was so plentiful at the time that it was given away at bars to induce or prolong patrons' thirst.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whatscookingamerica.net/Glossary/C.htm|title=Culinary Dictionary – C, Food Dictionary|author=Linda Stradley|work=What's Cooking America|date=20 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://whatscookingamerica.net/caviar.htm|title=American Caviar – Think American Caviar!|author=Linda Stradley|work=What's Cooking America|date=2 April 2015 }}</ref>

Today, the shortnose sturgeon is rated ''Vulnerable'' in the [[IUCN Red List]] of [[endangered species]] and rated ''Endangered'' per the [[Endangered Species Act]].  With the depletion of Caspian and Black Sea caviar, production of farmed or "sustainable" caviar<ref>[http://www.ifis.org/resources/features/sustainable-caviar-production-save-our-sturgeon!/ SUSTAINABLE CAVIAR PRODUCTION: SAVE OUR STURGEON!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323165256/http://www.ifis.org/resources/features/sustainable-caviar-production-save-our-sturgeon%21 |date=23 March 2014 }}</ref> has greatly increased. In particular, northern California is reported to account for 70% to 80% of U.S. production.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2013-jan-18-la-fi-california-caviar-20130118-story.html|title=California caviar is big fish on this side of the pond|work=Los Angeles Times|date=18 January 2013 }}</ref>

In 2021, a significant illegal sturgeon egg harvesting and selling ring run in part by the former top sturgeon biologist for the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) was discovered and broken up by investigators.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenorthwestern.com/story/news/2021/07/23/winnebago-caviar-investigation-dnr-sturgeon-biologist-resigns/8067137002/|title=DNR's top sturgeon biologist resigns, fined $500 in Calumet County caviar investigation for lying to game warden|work=thenorthwestern.com|access-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731100113/https://www.thenorthwestern.com/story/news/2021/07/23/winnebago-caviar-investigation-dnr-sturgeon-biologist-resigns/8067137002/|archive-date=31 July 2021}}</ref>

In coastal [[British Columbia]], [[Fraser River]] [[white sturgeon]] are sustainably [[aquaculture|farmed]] to produce caviar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/small-business/sb-growth/the-challenge/bc-caviar-farmer-takes-over-where-russia-left-off/article22892191/|title=B.C. caviar farmer takes over where Russia left off|work=The Globe and Mail|date=11 February 2015|last1=Rockel|first1=Nick}}</ref>

===Spain===
[[File:Alcala de rio 001.jpg|thumb|The dam at Alcalá del Río, started in 1931, blocked the upstream migration of sturgeon in the Guadalquivir.]]
The 17th-century book ''[[Don Quixote]]'' mentions "cavial"<ref name="Quixote en">[[s:Don Quixote/Volume 2/Chapter LIV|Don Quixote II, Chapter LIV]]: "They also put down a black dainty called, they say, caviar, and made of the eggs of fish, a great thirst-wakener."</ref><ref name="Quixote es">[[s:es:Don Quijote, Segunda Parte: Capítulo LIV|Don Quijote de la Mancha II, capítulo LIV]] {{in lang|es}}: "Pusieron asimismo un manjar negro que dicen que se llama cavial, y es hecho de huevos de pescados, gran despertador de la colambre."</ref> in a banquet of German pilgrims.
Until 1992, sturgeons and caviar were collected at the lower parts of rivers [[Guadalquivir]], [[Ebro]], [[Duero]] and [[Tajo]].
From 1932 to 1970, the [[Ybarra]] family had a factory in [[Coria del Río]].<ref name="DiarioSevilla">''[http://www.diariodesevilla.es/vivirensevilla/caviar-Guadalquivir_0_484751780.html El caviar del Guadalquivir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504092350/http://www.diariodesevilla.es/vivirensevilla/caviar-Guadalquivir_0_484751780.html |date=4 May 2018 }}'' {{in lang|es}}, [[Diario de Sevilla]], 5 June 2011.</ref>
[[Overfishing]], pollution and the [[Alcalá del Río]] dam eliminated the wild population of ''[[Acipenser naccarii]]''.
In Spain, a fish farm called Caviar de Riofrío<ref name="Riofrío">{{cite web|url=https://www.caviarderiofrio.com/|title=Tienda de caviar. Gourmet online. Comprar Caviar de Riofrío|website=Caviar de Riofrío}}</ref> produces [[organic certification|organic]] caviar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/food/articles/2005/12/21/more_than_one_fish_egg_in_the_sea/?page=2|title=More than one fish egg in the sea|work=The Boston Globe}}</ref> at [[Loja, Granada]], Andalusia.

===Uruguay===
As well with Canada and the United States, Uruguay has become a major producer and exporter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magazine.wsj.com/gatherer/the-specialist/caviar-dreams/|title=Uruguayan Aquaculture Farming Techniques Perfecting Caviar|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

===Israel===
[[Kibbutz Dan]] in [[Israel]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/culture/new-york-s-finest-caviar-all-the-way-from-a-socialist-kibbutz-in-northern-israel-1.426810|title=New York's finest caviar: All the way from a socialist kibbutz in northern Israel|date=27 April 2012|work=Haaretz}}</ref> produces four tons of caviar a year. The farm is fed by the [[Dan River (Middle East)|Dan River]], a tributary of the [[Jordan River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/caviar-israels-latest-weapon-iran/story?id=16522957|title=Caviar, Israel's Latest Weapon Against Iran|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}</ref>

===Madagascar===
Madagascar is the first African country that produces and exports caviar since 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lexpress.mg/27/06/2018/produits-halieutiques-le-caviar-sur-le-marche-international/ |last=Ihariliva |first=Mirana |date=27 June 2018 |title=Produits halieutiques – le caviar sur le-marché international |work=[[L'Express]] |language=fr |access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>

===Malaysia===
In Malaysia, caviar production is relatively new and smaller in scale. Caviar is harvested from farmed sturgeon fish in [[Tanjung Malim]], [[Perak]]. The caviar produced here is marketed as "tropical caviar".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/06/say-what-malaysia-is-producing-caviar/1750138 |title=Say what? Malaysia is producing caviar?|first=Kang Yi|last=Lee|date=6 May 2019|website=The Malay Mail}}</ref> The first Malaysian brand of tropical caviar was launched in March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.star2.com/food/2019/09/12/malaysian-caviar-tlur/|title=Local luxury: Malaysia's first caviar brand, T'lur Caviar|first=Abirami|last=Durai|date=12 September 2019|website=star2.com}}</ref>