Editing Celilo Falls (section)

===Fishing and trading===

{{quote box|width=250px|quote=Our waters shall be free: free to serve the uses and purposes of their creation by a [[Divine Providence]].|source= —Portland investor and civic leader [[Joseph Nathan Teal]], at the canal's opening ceremony.<ref>J. B. Tyrell, ed., David Thompson: Narrative of his Explorations in Western America, 1784-1812 (Toronto, 1916, 496-97; "Address of Joseph Nathan Teal), The Dalles-Celilo Celebration, Big Eddy, Oregon (May 5, 1915," Oregon Historical quarterly, 16 (Fall 1916), 107-8. (As quoted in {{cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3951/is_200004/ai_n8884518/pg_1 |title=The Columbia River's fate in the twentieth century |access-date=2007-04-16 |archive-date=2016-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110105047/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3951/is_200004/ai_n8884518/pg_1 |url-status=live }})</ref>}}

[[File:Celilofalls.ogg|thumb|right|240px|Newsreel footage of [[Native Americans in the United States|native]] fishers at Celilo Falls in 1956, shortly before the site was submerged by [[The Dalles Dam]]]]
[[File:Clark Family Collection- Volume 4. Voorhis Journal No. 4, page 7, October 22-23, 1806.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] map, 1806]]

For 15,000 years, [[Native Americans in the United States|native peoples]] gathered at Wyam to fish and exchange goods.<ref>{{cite book | last = Barber | first = Katrine |author2=Ed. William G. Robbins | title=Narrative Fractures and Fractured Narratives: Celilo Falls in the Columbia Gorge Discovery Center and the Yakama Nation Cultural Heritage Center | work = The Great Northwest: The Search for Regional Identity | publisher = Oregon State University Press | place = Corvallis, Oregon | year = 2001}}</ref> They built wooden platforms out over the water and caught [[salmon]] with dipnets and long spears on poles as the fish swam up through the rapids and jumped over the falls.<ref>{{cite book | last = Dietrich | first = William | title = Northwest Passage: The Great Columbia River | publisher = University of Washington Press | place = Seattle, WA | year = 1995 | page = 154 | isbn = 0-671-79650-X}}</ref> Historically, an estimated fifteen to twenty million salmon passed through the falls every year, making it among the greatest fishing sites in North America.<ref>{{cite news | last = Rohrbacher | first = George | title = Talk of the Past: The salmon fisheries of Celilo Falls | work = Common-Place | date = January 2006 | url = http://www.common-place.org/vol-06/no-02/talk/ | access-date = 2008-02-01 | archive-date = 2007-11-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071111052106/http://www.common-place.org/vol-06/no-02/talk/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

Celilo Falls and The Dalles were strategically located at the border between [[Chinookan languages|Chinookan]] and [[Sahaptian]] speaking peoples and served as the center of an extensive trading network across the Pacific Plateau.<ref name="Ronda">{{cite book | last=Ronda | first=James P. | title=Lewis & Clark among the Indians | work=Down the Columbia | publisher=University of Nebraska Press | place=Lincoln, Nebraska | year=1984 | url=https://archive.org/details/lewisclarkamongt00jame | access-date=2008-02-01 | isbn=0-8032-3870-3 | url-access=registration }} {{dead link| date=June 2010 | bot=DASHBot}}</ref> Artifacts from the original village site at Celilo suggest that trade goods came from as far away as the [[Great Plains]], [[Southwestern United States]], and [[Alaska]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Center for Columbia River History |title=Oregon's Oldest Town: 11,000 Years of Occupation |url=http://www.ccrh.org/comm/river/celilo.htm |access-date=2008-02-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215200136/http://www.ccrh.org/comm/river/celilo.htm |archive-date=2008-02-15 }}</ref> There are also numerous rock art drawings at the head of the falls. This demonstrates the site to not just be important for trading purposes. It acted as a melting pot for the cultures which fished and traded there.<ref>{{cite book|last=Snow|first=Dean R.|title=Archaeology of Native North America|year=2010|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-13-615686-4}}</ref> When the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] passed through the area in 1805, the explorers found a "great emporium...where all the neighboring nations assemble," and a population density unlike anything they had seen on their journey.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Cressman | first = L.S. | title = Cultural Sequences at the Dalles, Oregon: A Contribution to Pacific Northwest Prehistory | journal = Transactions of the American Philosophical Society | volume = 50 | issue = 10 | pages = 1–108 | doi = 10.2307/1005853 | year = 1960 | publisher = American Philosophical Society | jstor = 1005853 | display-authors = etal | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=mdp.39076005656769;orient=0;size=100;seq=3;attachment=0 | hdl = 2027/mdp.39076005656769 | hdl-access = free | access-date = 2019-09-24 | archive-date = 2019-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190924073658/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=mdp.39076005656769;orient=0;size=100;seq=3;attachment=0 | url-status = live }}</ref> Accordingly, historians have likened the Celilo area to the "[[Wall Street]] of the West."<ref>{{cite news | last = Alpert | first = Emily | title = Remembering Celilo Falls | work = The Dalles Chronicle | date = 2006-07-10 | url = http://www.bluefish.org/celilofa.htm | access-date = 2008-02-01 | archive-date = 2006-10-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061008082700/http://www.bluefish.org/celilofa.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Wasco-Wishram|Wishram]] people lived on the north bank, while the [[Wasco-Wishram|Wasco]] lived on the south bank, with the most intense bargaining occurring at the Wishram village of [[Wishram village|Nix-luidix]].<ref name="Ronda" /> Charles Wilkes reported finding three major native fishing sites on the lower Columbia — Celilo Falls, the Big Dalles, and [[Cascades Rapids]], with the Big Dalles being the largest. Alexander Ross described it as the "great rendezvous" of native traders, as "the great emporium or mart of the Columbia."<ref name=gibson/> [[Pinniped]]s such as sea lions and seals followed salmon up the Columbia as far as Celilo Falls. In 1841 [[George Simpson (administrator)|George Simpson]] wrote "these animals ascend the Columbia in great numbers in quest of the salmon."<ref>{{cite book |last = Mackie |first= Richard Somerset |title= Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793-1843 |year= 1997 |publisher= University of British Columbia (UBC) Press |location= Vancouver |isbn= 0-7748-0613-3 |pages= 191–192}} online at {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKXgJw6K088C |title=Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific, 1793-1843 |isbn=9780774806138 |access-date=2016-09-23 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426045756/https://books.google.com/books?id=VKXgJw6K088C |url-status=live |last1=MacKie |first1=Richard |date=1997 |publisher=UBC Press }}</ref>