Editing Cello (section)

==History==
<!--'Viola da spalla' redirects here-->
The [[viola da braccio|violin family]], including cello-sized instruments, emerged {{circa|1500}} as a family of instruments distinct from the [[viol|viola da gamba]] family. The earliest depictions of the violin family, from Italy {{circa|1530}}, show three sizes of instruments, roughly corresponding to what we now call [[violin]]s, [[viola]]s, and cellos. Contrary to a popular misconception, the cello did not evolve from the viola da gamba, but existed alongside it for about two and a half centuries. The violin family is also known as the viola da braccio (meaning viola for the arm) family, a reference to the primary way the members of the family are held. This is to distinguish it from the viola da gamba (meaning viola for the leg) family, in which all the members are all held with the legs. The likely predecessors of the violin family include the [[lira da braccio]] and the [[rebec]]. The earliest surviving cellos are made by [[Andrea Amati]], the first known member of the celebrated [[Amati]] family of [[luthier]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collections.nmmusd.org/Cellos/Amati/Amaticello.html|title=Violoncello by Andrea Amati, Cremona, Mid-16th Century|website=collections.nmmusd.org|access-date=2019-11-27|archive-date=2022-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611175837/http://collections.nmmusd.org/Cellos/Amati/Amaticello.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><!--The instrument described is clearly stated to have been a three-string bass, later cut down and remade into a cello.-->

The direct ancestor to the violoncello was the [[bass violin]].<sup>[''unt. library'']</sup> Monteverdi referred to the instrument as "basso de viola da braccio" in ''Orfeo'' (1607). Although the first [[bass violin]], possibly invented as early as 1538, was most likely inspired by the viol, it was created to be used in consort with the violin. The bass violin was actually often referred to as a "''violone''", or "large viola", as were the viols of the same period. Instruments that share features with both the bass violin and the ''viola da gamba'' appear in Italian art of the early 16th century.

[[File:Cello strung gut.JPG|thumb|left|A baroque cello strung with gut strings. Note the absence of fine tuners on the tailpiece.]]

The invention of wire-wound [[String (music)|strings]] (fine wire around a thin gut core), {{circa|1660}} in [[Bologna]], allowed for a finer bass sound than was possible with purely gut strings on such a short body. Bolognese makers exploited this new technology to create the cello, a somewhat smaller instrument suitable for solo repertoire due to both the timbre of the instrument and the fact that the smaller size made it easier to play [[virtuoso|virtuosic]] passages.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} This instrument had disadvantages as well, however. The cello's light sound was not as suitable for church and ensemble playing, so it had to be doubled by [[organ (music)|organ]], [[theorbo]], or [[violone]].

Around 1700, Italian players popularized the cello in northern Europe, although the bass violin (basse de violon) continued to be used for another two decades in France.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cello.org/heaven/wasiel/18italy.htm|title=Cello Playing in 18th Century Italy|website=www.cello.org|access-date=2019-11-27|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181543/http://www.cello.org/heaven/wasiel/18italy.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><!--I believe you, I would just like to know where you got the info--> Many existing bass violins were literally cut down in size to convert them into cellos according to the smaller pattern developed by [[Stradivarius]], who also made a number of old pattern large cellos (the 'Servais').<ref name="vrzuok" >{{Cite journal|last= Cyr |first= Mary |title= Basses and basse continue in the Orchestra of the Paris Opéra 1700–1764 |journal= Early Music |year= 1982 |volume= X |issue= Apr., 1982 |pages= 155–170 |doi=10.1093/earlyj/10.2.155}}
</ref> The sizes, names, and tunings of the cello varied widely by geography and time.<ref name="vrzuok"/> The size was not standardized until {{circa|1750}}.

Despite similarities to the [[viol|viola da gamba]], the cello is actually part of the [[viola da braccio]] family, meaning "viol of the arm", which includes, among others, the [[violin]] and [[viola]]. Though paintings like [[Jan Brueghel the Elder|Bruegel]]'s "The Rustic Wedding", and [[Philibert Jambe de Fer|Jambe de Fer]] in his ''Epitome Musical'' suggest that the bass violin had [[Cello da spalla|alternate playing positions]], these were short-lived and the more practical and ergonomic ''a gamba'' position eventually replaced them entirely.

[[File:Josephine_van_Lier_plays_violoncello_piccolo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Josephine van Lier]] plays a violoncello piccolo, a five-string variant of the Baroque cello, during a recording session of [[Cello Suites (Bach)#Suite No. 6 in D major, BWV 1012|Bach's 6th Cello Suite]].]]

[[Baroque]]-era cellos differed from the modern instrument in several ways. The neck has a different form and angle, which matches the baroque bass-bar and stringing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Violin (Baroque) – Early Music Instrument Database|url=https://caslabs.case.edu/medren/baroque-instruments/violin-baroque/|access-date=2020-07-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Baroque Instruments|url=http://baroqueinstrumentss.weebly.com/baroque-instruments.html|access-date=2020-07-29|website=History Of Music}}</ref> The fingerboard is usually shorter than that of the modern cello, as the highest notes are not often called for in baroque music. Modern cellos have an endpin at the bottom to support the instrument (and transmit some of the sound through the floor),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theclassymusician.com/blog/the-endpin |title=The Endpin – The Classy Musician |website=Theclassymusician.com |date=March 7, 2016  |author=Marsh, Gregory and Elizabeth |access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> while Baroque cellos are held only by the calves of the player. Modern bows curve in and are held at the [[Bow frog|frog]]; Baroque bows curve out and are held closer to the bow's point of balance. Modern strings are normally [[flatwound]] with a metal (or synthetic) core; Baroque strings are made of [[Catgut|gut]], with the G and C strings wire-wound. Modern cellos often have fine tuners connecting the strings to the tailpiece, which makes it much easier to tune the instrument, but such pins are rendered ineffective by the flexibility of the gut strings used on Baroque cellos. Overall, the modern instrument has much higher string tension than the Baroque cello,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cello (Baroque) – Early Music Instrument Database|url=https://caslabs.case.edu/medren/baroque-instruments/cello-baroque/|access-date=2020-07-29|language=en-US}}</ref> resulting in a louder, more projecting tone, with fewer overtones. In addition, the instrument was less standardized in size and number of strings; a smaller, five-string variant (the violoncello piccolo) was commonly used as a solo instrument and five-string instruments are occasionally specified in the Baroque repertoire. BWV 1012 (Bach's 6th Cello Suite) was written for 5-string cello. The additional high E string on the five-string cello is an octave below the same string on the Violin, so anything written for the violin can be played on the 5 string cello, sounding an octave lower than written.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Issue of Size: A Glimpse into the History of the Violoncello Piccolo|url=https://taju.uniarts.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/6952/JohannaRandvereVlcpiccolo.pdf|date=April 2020|access-date=2023-01-23|author=Randvere, Johanna|language=en-US}}</ref>

Few educational works specifically devoted to the cello existed before the 18th century and those that do exist contain little value to the performer beyond simple accounts of instrumental technique. One of the earliest cello manuals is [[Michel Corrette]]'s ''Méthode, thèorique et pratique pour apprendre en peu de temps le violoncelle dans sa perfection'' (Paris, 1741).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cello.org/heaven/wasiel/18italy.htm |title=Cello Playing in 18th Century Italy |website=Cello.org |access-date=October 4, 2016 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181543/http://www.cello.org/heaven/wasiel/18italy.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>