Editing Central sulcus (section)

== Clinical significance ==

=== Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ===
[[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) has been associated with sensorimotor deficits and the central sulcus divides both somatosensory and primary motor areas prompting  research into how the shape of the central sulcus and ADHD may alter brain development in these individuals.<ref name="doi.org">{{cite journal | doi=10.3389/fnana.2015.00114 | doi-access=free | title=Abnormal surface morphology of the central sulcus in children with attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder | date=2015 | last1=Li | first1=Shuyu | last2=Wang | first2=Shaoyi | last3=Li | first3=Xinwei | last4=Li | first4=Qiongling | last5=Li | first5=Xiaobo | journal=Frontiers in Neuroanatomy | volume=9 | page=114 | pmid=26379511 | pmc=4551868 }}</ref> The cortical thickness and average and maximum depth of the central sulcus has been shown to be larger for ADHD individuals when compared to normal individuals.<ref name="doi.org"/> Additionally, changes in the middle sections of the central sulcus have been linked to children with ADHD.<ref name="doi.org"/>

=== Williams syndrome ===
The morphology of the central sulcus has been suggested to play a role in individuals with the genetic condition known as [[Williams syndrome]].<ref name="Jackowski, A.P. 2005">{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70266-1 | title=Foreshortened Dorsal Extension of the Central Sulcus in Williams Syndrome | date=2005 | last1=Jackowski | first1=Andrea P. | last2=Schultz | first2=Robert T. | journal=Cortex | volume=41 | issue=3 | pages=282–290 | pmid=15871594 | s2cid=4476964 }}</ref> The foreshortening of the central sulcus has been found to be an abnormality associated with this syndrome.<ref name="Jackowski, A.P. 2005"/> This can be seen with the abnormal dorsal end of the central sulcus in individuals with Williams syndrome.<ref name="Jackowski, A.P. 2005"/> However, the abnormal dorsal end of the central sulcus has not been found to be linked to impaired general intelligence.<ref name="Jackowski, A.P. 2005"/> The functional importance of this abnormal part of the central sulcus is still not fully understood though.<ref name="Jackowski, A.P. 2005"/>

=== Severe cerebral small vessel disease ===
The shape of the central sulcus has been linked to the degree of disability in individuals who have a small subcortical ischemic stroke as a result of severe cerebral small vessel disease.<ref name="Jouvent, E 2016">{{cite journal | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.012562 | title=Shape of the Central Sulcus and Disability After Subcortical Stroke | date=2016 | last1=Jouvent | first1=Eric | last2=Sun | first2=Zhong Yi | last3=De Guio | first3=François | last4=Duchesnay | first4=Edouard | last5=Duering | first5=Marco | last6=Ropele | first6=Stefan | last7=Dichgans | first7=Martin | last8=Mangin | first8=Jean-François | last9=Chabriat | first9=Hugues | journal=Stroke | volume=47 | issue=4 | pages=1023–1029 }}</ref> However, the severity of the disability has been found to not be fully dependent upon the morphology of the central sulcus.<ref name="Jouvent, E 2016"/> It was found to possibly be due to the hand knobs’ vertical position and size.<ref name="Jouvent, E 2016"/>