Editing Charango (section)

==Types==
There are metal string, nylon/gut string, and mixed-string charangos. Some metal-stringed versions have all strings at the same gauge. There are also solid-body electric charangos.

There are many types of charango. In many cases the variant is named for the town or region in which it originated, or in which it is most frequently seen, ''e.g.'', the ''Charango Ayquileño'' of Ayquile, Bolivia. The number of strings on these variant instruments ranges from four to 20, and courses may be single, double, triple, or quadruple strung. (The standard charango has 10 strings in five courses of two strings each.)<ref>''Asociación Internacional del Charango'' (Spanish)|{{cite web|url=http://www.aicharango.org/portal/index.php |title=Asociación Internacional del Charango |access-date=2013-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202039/http://www.aicharango.org/portal/index.php |archive-date=2013-10-29 }}</ref>

Some types of charango are:
[[Image:Walaycho.jpg|175px|thumb|Walaycho]]

[[Image:Chillador. Bueno, Cuzco (Perú). MDMB 825.JPG|100px|thumb|A 12-string chillador]]
* '''[[Walaycho]]''' (also ''hualaycho'', ''maulincho'', or '' kalampiador''):  a smaller relative, with a scale typically around {{convert|30|cm}} long.  It has ten strings, which may be of metal, nylon, or nylon fishing line, arranged in five courses of two strings each. Despite the short scale, the headstock must still accommodate ten tuners, which increases the total length of the instrument by nearly a third&nbsp;— ca. {{convert|56|cm}} is typical. Usually tuned a ''fifth higher'' (sometimes a fourth higher) than the charango, strings in the third (center) course may be either in unison or in octaves.
* '''[[charangon|Charangón]]''':  (also ''charangone''){{citation needed|date=June 2023|reason=attestation of alternate name?}} a larger relative, in effect, a tenor charango.  About {{convert|75|cm}} long by {{convert|22|cm}} wide with a {{convert|42|-|51|cm|adj=on}} scale. It was invented by Mauro Nuñez. Tunings vary, with the most common being a ''fourth lower'' than the charango (Argentine tuning) or a ''fifth lower'' (Bolivian tuning).  It is occasionally tuned an octave lower than the charango, but such lower pitches are more usually reserved for the ronroco.<ref>Rosa, Jose; ''The history of music from Cuba, the Caribbean, South America and the United States''; Contemporary Latin Music Educators; Southwest Ranches, Florida:  2008.  p.68</ref>
* '''[[Ronroco]]''' (also ''ronrroco''): a still larger relative, essentially a baritone or bass charango, about {{convert|80|cm}} long with a {{convert|46|-|50|cm|adj=on}} scale. It is a charangón named Ronroco by [[Los Kjarkas|Gonzalo Hermosa]],  of the group [[Los Kjarkas]] from Cochabamba, Bolivia, in the 1980s. Ten nylon strings are arranged in five double courses. As with the ''charangón'' tunings vary, and depending on region and use the ronroco may be tuned a ''fourth lower'' than the charango (Argentine tuning); a ''fifth lower'' (Bolivia; Chile); or an octave lower ("Bolivian tuning").  The octave lower tuning is better acoustically supported by the larger body of the ronroco, and is more common on this instrument than on the charangón.  The strings of the third (center) course are tuned an octave apart; strings in the other courses are usually tuned in unisons, though occasionally the fourth or fifth courses (or both) may be tuned in octaves.  When courses four and five are doubled at the ''lower'' octave the ronroco is essentially no longer in reentrant tuning.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.guitar-learning.com/node/208 |title=A Guitarist's Choice To Play The Ronroco (baritone charango) |access-date=2015-03-12 |archive-date=2015-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129051337/http://www.guitar-learning.com/node/208 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''[[Chillador]]''': The name chillador can refer either to two related types of charango. The first is a standardly-tuned charango but with a body built from bent sides and a flat back like a (smaller) guitar,<ref>http://www.atlasofpluckedinstruments.com/south_america.htm#bolivia South America ATLAS of Plucked Instruments</ref><ref>https://stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com/c.htm The Stringed Instrument Database: C</ref> The second is a type that has a flat back and is usually steel-strung. It exists in both 10- and 12-string forms.  When strung with ten strings in five courses it is tuned the same as a charango.  With 12 strings, courses two and four are triple-strung, and the (re-entrant) tuning is more like that of a charangone or ronroco in Argentine tuning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charangoperu.com/charangoperu/contenido/articulos/chillador_antiplano2.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421060508/http://www.charangoperu.com/charangoperu/contenido/articulos/chillador_antiplano2.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 21, 2011|title=Charangoperu.com :: El portal del Charango Peruano|access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>
* The '''[[Hatun charango|Hatun Charango]]''' or "grand charango" is an extended-range charango developed in [[Peru]] in the modern era. It has either seven or eight strings, all set in single string courses except for the third course, which is double-strung. It is tuned (A3) • D4 • G4 • C5 • E5 E4 • A4 • E5<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federico-tarazona.com/thehatuncharango.html |title=Federico Tarazona - The Hatun charango |author=claire charberet |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402232808/http://www.federico-tarazona.com/thehatuncharango.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref>

Other, less common members of the charango family include:
* '''Ayacucho''':  A small guitar-style charango (flat back) usually made of plywood, with six strings in five courses, strung 1-1-2-1-1. Smaller than the charango, but not as small as the walyacho, it is tuned like the charango, with the strings of the doubled course in octaves.<ref name="charangoperu.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.charangoperu.com/charangoperu/contenido/articulos/charangoperuano.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127231819/http://www.charangoperu.com/charangoperu/contenido/articulos/charangoperuano.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=January 27, 2012|title=Charangoperu.com :: Mapa del Charango Peruano|access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>
* '''Bajo charango''':  A large bass instrument, more guitar-like than charango-like, it was invented by luthier Mauro Nunez in the region of Cochabamba.  It is about {{convert|1.5|m}} long, with a scale of {{convert|87|cm}}, and the large resonating body is usually made of plywood. Six strings in five courses (1-1-2-1-1-) are typically tuned:  B • E • B • G • D, with the third (center) course in octaves. It sounds two octaves lower than the charango, and is written as a transposing instrument, with parts notated a 4th higher than they actually sound.<ref name="Familia de los charangos">{{cite web|url=http://jlfeijooi.en.eresmas.com/Familia_de_los_charangos.htm|title=Familia de los charangos|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426235333/http://jlfeijooi.en.eresmas.com/Familia_de_los_charangos.htm|archive-date=26 April 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Charango mediano''' or ''mediana'' ("medium" charango):  a rural instrument that varies widely in size:  from {{convert|50|to|95|cm}}, with scales ranging from {{convert|33|to|65|cm}}. It has ten strings in five courses, and is usually tuned an octave below the charango.<ref name="Familia de los charangos" />
* '''Khonkhota''' (also ''jitarron'' or ''pomputu''):  A rustic instrument of the rural regions of Cochabamba, Oruro, and Potosí. Its soundbox is made of plywood, and it has only five frets. The total length is {{convert|90|cm}}, with a {{convert|65|cm|adj=on}} scale. It has eight strings in five courses (2-2-1-1-2); the doubled courses are all unison doublings. Tunings vary, with a common choice being E-A-D-B-C.<ref name="Familia de los charangos"/>
* '''Moquegua''':  Charango with 20 strings arranged in five courses of four strings each. Tuning is like the standard charango with the third (central) course using octave doublings.<ref name="charangoperu.com"/><ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evoOlVY-1nk&nofeather=True| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301153734/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evoOlVY-1nk&nofeather=True| archive-date=2014-03-01 | url-status=dead|title=charango moquegua (charango de 20 cuerdas) - YouTube|publisher=youtube.com|access-date=2014-10-16}}</ref>
* '''Pampeno''' (also ''Arequipeño''):  Another rustic, guitar-style, plywood charango used in the Arequipa region of Peru. It's 15 metal strings, triple strung in Five courses, are tuned: C# - F# - C# - A - E, with the third (middle) course in octaves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charangoperu.com/charangoperu/contenido/portal/Pagina%203.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421060711/http://www.charangoperu.com/charangoperu/contenido/portal/Pagina%203.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 21, 2011|title=Charangoperu.com :: El portal del Charango Peruano|access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="youtube2">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/dgi6QaNxc6M Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140301165403/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgi6QaNxc6M&nofeather=True Wayback Machine]}}{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgi6QaNxc6M&nofeather=True|title=CHARANGO AREQUIPEÑO(PAMPEÑO) - YouTube|publisher=youtube.com|access-date=2014-10-16}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* '''Shrieker''':  An instrument from the South of the Peru similar to the walaycho, made of wood or armadillo. Typically less than {{convert|30|cm}} long, it differs from the walaycho in having 12 strings, usually metal, in five courses; the second and fourth courses are triple-strung. Tuning is the same as for the walyacho.<ref name=finslab>{{cite web|url=http://finslab.com/enciclopedia/letra-c/charango.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143122/http://finslab.com/enciclopedia/letra-c/charango.php|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead|lang=pt|title=Charango|website=finslab.com}}</ref>
* '''Sonko''':  A large heart-shaped instrument with 13 (and sometimes more) strings. It is a fairly recent development, first designed in the 1970s, by Gerardo Yañez.<ref name="gerardoyanez">{{cite web|url=http://www.gerardoyanez.com/instrumentos/sonko-charango/|title=Sonko Charango - Gerardo Yañez Sarmiento|publisher=gerardoyanez.com|access-date=2014-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022090650/http://www.gerardoyanez.com/instrumentos/sonko-charango/|archive-date=2014-10-22|url-status=dead}}</ref>  It has not yet acquired a standard tuning.
* '''Vallegrandino''':  Named for the town of its origin, Vallegrande, Bolivia, this charango is about {{convert|50|cm}} long, with a scale of {{convert|33|cm}}, and has six strings in four courses: 1 - 2 -2 -1. Tuning is A-E-C-G.<ref name=finslab/>

As one of the most popular stringed instruments in regions along the Andes, countless other regional variations of the charango exist, for example:
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''charango Anzaldeño''
* ''charango Ayquileño''
* ''charango asimétrico''
* ''charango diablo'' ("devil" charango)
* ''charango de juguete'' ("toy" charango)
* ''charango kirki''
* ''charango Layme''
* ''charango p´alta'' ("crushed" charango)
* ''charango de pukarillo'' ("chojllo-chojllo" charango)
* ''charango Sacabeño''
* ''charango uñanchay''
* ''guitarrilla'' ("chilin chilin")
* ''jitara''
* ''k´ullu charango''
* ''maulincho'' (tilisito)
* ''[[manguerito]]''
* ''muyu muyu''
* ''p´ala-p´ulu''
* ''putu charango''
* ''Soncoy charango''
* ''tajlachi'' (in three sizes)
}}

Several hybrids of charango with other instruments have also been made, for example:  ''charanquena'' (charango and [[quena]]); ''charansicu'' (charango and [[zampoña]]); and ''charango charanguita'' (charango and [[guitar]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jlfeijooi.en.eresmas.com/Familia_de_los_charangos.htm |title=The Chagango Family (Spanish) |access-date=2004-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426235333/http://jlfeijooi.en.eresmas.com/Familia_de_los_charangos.htm |archive-date=2006-04-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>