Editing Checkmate (section)

==Basic checkmates==
There are four fundamental checkmates when one side has [[bare king|only their king]] and the other side has only the minimum {{chessgloss|material}} needed to force checkmate, i.e. (1) one [[queen (chess)|queen]], (2) one [[rook (chess)|rook]], (3) two [[bishop (chess)|bishops]] on opposite-colored squares, or (4) a bishop and a [[knight (chess)|knight]]. The king must help in accomplishing all of these checkmates.<ref>{{harvnb|Silman|2007|p=33}}</ref>  If the winning side has more material, checkmates are easier.

The checkmate with the queen is the most common, and easiest to achieve. It often occurs after a [[pawn (chess)|pawn]] has [[promotion (chess)|queened]]. A checkmate with the rook is also common, but a checkmate with two bishops or with a bishop and knight occurs infrequently. The two-bishop checkmate is fairly easy to accomplish, but the [[bishop and knight checkmate]] is difficult and requires precision.

===King and queen===
{| style="float:right;"
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| [[File:Chess kll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess qll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess kdl45.svg]]
|}
The first two diagrams show representatives of the basic checkmate positions with a [[queen (chess)|queen]], which can occur on any edge of the board. Naturally, the exact position can vary from the diagram. In the first of the checkmate positions, the queen is directly in front of the opposing king and the white king is protecting its queen. In the second checkmate position, the kings are in [[Opposition (chess)|opposition]] and the queen mates on the {{chessgloss|rank}} (or {{chessgloss|file}}) of the king.

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|Support mate
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|The white king can also be on f6 or g6.<ref name=pand09p22>{{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=22}}</ref>
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|Right triangle mate
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|The queen can also be on the marked squares.<ref name=pand09p23>{{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=23}}</ref>
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|Cornered mate
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|The queen can also be on the marked squares.<ref name=pand09p23 />
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|header= Outer row mate
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|Outer row mate
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|{{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=23}}
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{{Clear}}
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|White checkmates easily.
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With the side with the queen to move, checkmate can be forced in at most ten moves from any starting position, with [[optimal play]] by both sides, but usually fewer moves are required.<ref>{{harvnb|Fine|Benko|2003|pp=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Müller|Lamprecht|2001|p=16}}</ref> In positions in which a pawn has just [[promotion (chess)|promoted]] to a queen, at most nine moves are required.<ref>{{harvnb|Levy|Newborn|1991|p=144}}</ref>

In the position diagrammed, White checkmates easily by confining the black king to a rectangle and shrinking the rectangle to {{chessgloss|forcing   move|force}} the king to the edge of the board:

:{{pad}}'''1. Qf6 Kd5 2. Qe7 Kd4 3. Kc2 Kd5 4. Kc3 Kc6 5. Kc4 Kb6 6. Qd7 Ka6 7. Qb5+{{efn|7.Kc5 wins two moves faster.}} Ka7 8. Kc5 Ka8 9. Kc6 Ka7 10. Qb7{{chessAN|#}}'''<ref>{{harvnb|Seirawan|2003|pp=4–5}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

'''Avoid stalemate'''

The winning side must be careful to not [[stalemate]] the opposing king, whereas the defender would like to get into such a position. There are five general types of stalemate positions that can occur, which the stronger side must avoid. The first two are more common.<ref name=fine03p2>{{harvnb|Fine|Benko|2003|p=2}}</ref>
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|footer= Stalemate if Black is to move. The queen blocks off all possible moves for Black, regardless of where the white king is placed on the board.
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|Stalemate if Black is to move. The white king can be anywhere (except a7, b7, or b8, which would be an {{chessgloss|illegal position}}).
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|This is stalemate if Black is to move. Also stalemate if the white king is on one of the marked squares.
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|This is stalemate if Black is to move. Also stalemate if the white king is on the marked square.
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|This is stalemate if Black is to move. Also stalemate if the queen is on one of the marked squares.
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|This is stalemate if Black is to move. Also stalemate if the queen is on one of the marked squares.
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{{clear}}

===King and rook===
{| style="float:right;"
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| [[File:Chess kll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess rll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess kdl45.svg]]
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|Checkmate with the rook (a right triangle mate)
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|A cornered checkmate with the rook<ref name=pand09p36>{{harvnb|Pandolfini|2009|p=36}}</ref>
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|White checkmates by boxing in the black king. }}
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{{Clear}}
The first diagram shows the basic checkmate position with a [[rook (chess)|rook]], which can occur on any edge of the board. The black king can be on any square on the edge of the board, the white king is in opposition to it, and the rook can check from any square on the rank or file (assuming that it cannot be captured). The second diagram shows a slightly different position where the kings are not in opposition but the defending king must be in a corner.

With the side with the rook to move, checkmate can be forced in at most sixteen moves from any starting position.<ref name=fine03p2 />  Again, see [[wikibooks:Chess/The Endgame|Wikibooks – Chess/The Endgame]] for a demonstration of how the king and rook versus king mate is achieved.

In the third diagram position, White checkmates by confining the black king to a rectangle and shrinking the rectangle to force the king to the edge of the board:

:'''1. Kd3+ Kd5 2. Re4 Kd6 3. Kc4{{chesspunc|!}} Kc6 4. Re6+ Kc7 5. Kc5 Kd7 6. Kd5 Kc7 7. Rd6 Kb7 8. Rc6 Ka7 9. Kc5 Kb7 10. Kb5 Ka7 11. Rb6 Ka8 12. Kc6 Ka7 13. Kc7 Ka8 14. Ra6#''' (second checkmate position, rotated).<ref>{{harvnb|Seirawan|2003|pp=1–4}}</ref>

'''Avoid stalemate'''

There are two stalemate patterns:<ref>{{harvnb|Fine|Benko|2003|pp=2–3}}</ref>
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===King and two bishops {{anchor|Two bishops}}===
{| style="float:right;"
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| [[File:Chess kll45.svg]]
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|}
The '''two bishops checkmate''' is the checkmate of a [[bare king|lone]] king by the opponent's two bishops and king.{{efn|"Against one knight or one bishop the defender cannot lose even if he wants to."{{sfn|Fine|1979|p=1}}}} 
The superior side is able to {{chessgloss|forced move|drive}} the lone king into a corner and {{chessgloss|forced mate|force mate}} using the two bishops and king collaboratively. The only stipulation is that the two bishops must move on opposite-colored squares.{{efn|Only an [[underpromotion]] can result in bishops on same-colored squares.}}{{sfn|Fine|1979|p=4|ps=, "Two bishops of the same color cannot administer mate; a mating position is not even conceivable. The same holds true of nine (or more!) bishops all of one color."}} Accomplishing the mate requires a maximum of 19 moves.
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|+ Checkmates with two bishops 
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|Checkmate via a side square adjacent to a corner square
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The king and bishops cooperate to drive the enemy king to an edge of the board, and then into a corner to deliver the mate.{{sfn|Fine|1979|p=1}} "The process, though a bit lengthy, is fascinating because it gives us a glimpse of the power of the two bishops on the open board."<ref>{{cite book |last=Reinfeld |first=Fred |authorlink=Fred Reinfeld |title=The Complete Chess Course |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday & Company, Inc]] |year=1959 |page=330 |isbn=0385004648 }}</ref>

Three basic checkmate positions are possible via the two bishops checkmate.{{sfn|Fine|1979|p=3}} The first is a checkmate in the corner. The second position is a checkmate on a side square next to the corner square (this position can theoretically occur anywhere along an edge, but can only be forced adjacent to a corner). With the side with the bishops to move, checkmate can be forced in at most nineteen moves,<ref name=muller01p17>{{harvnb|Müller|Lamprecht|2001|p=17}}</ref> except in some very rare positions (0.03% of the possible positions).<ref name=speel7>{{harvnb|Speelman|Tisdall|Wade|1993|p=7}}</ref> The third checkmate position is possible but not forceable.{{sfn|Fine|1979|p=3}}

It is not too difficult for two bishops to force checkmate, with the aid of their king. Two principles apply:
{{unordered list|style=list-style-position:inside
 |The bishops are best when they are near the {{chessgloss|center}} of the board and on adjacent diagonals. This cuts off the opposing king.
 |The king must be used aggressively, in conjunction with the bishops.
}}
{{Clear}}

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{{Chess diagram  
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|From Seirawan
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|Two bishops and king can force mate. 
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In the position from Seirawan, White wins by first forcing the black king to the side of the board, then to a corner, and then checkmates. It can be any side of the board and any corner. The process is:

:'''1. Ke2 Ke4''' (Black tries to keep his king near the center) '''2. Be3 Ke5''' (forcing the king back, which is done often) '''3. Kd3 Kd5 4. Bd4 Ke6 5. Ke4 Kd6''' (Black tries a different approach to stay near the center) '''6. Bc4''' (White has a fine position; the bishops are centralized and the king is active) '''6... Kc6''' (Black avoids going toward the side) '''7. Ke5 Kd7''' (Black is trying to avoid the a8-corner) '''8. Bd5''' (keeping the black king off c6) '''8... Kc7 9. Bc5 Kd7 10. Bd6!''' (an important move that forces the king to the edge of the board) '''10... Ke8''' (Black is still avoiding the corner) '''11. Ke6''' (now the black king cannot get off the edge of the board) '''11... Kd8 12. Bc6''' (forcing the king toward the corner) '''12... Kc8''' (Black's king is confined to c8 and d8; the white king must cover a7 and b7) '''13. Kd5''' (13. Ke7{{chesspunc|?}} is [[stalemate]]) '''13... Kd8 14. Kc5 Kc8 15. Kb6 Kd8''' (now White must allow the king to move into the corner) '''16. Bc5 Kc8 17. Be7!''' (an important move that forces the king toward the corner) '''17... Kb8 18. Bd7!''' (the same principle as the previous move) '''18... Ka8 19. Bd8''' (White must make a move that gives up a [[tempo (chess)|tempo]]; this move is such a move, along with Bc5, Bf8, Be6, or Ka6) '''19... Kb8 20. Bc7+ Ka8 21. Bc6#''' (as the first diagram in this section).<ref>{{harvnb|Seirawan|2003|pp=5–7}}</ref>

This is not the shortest forced checkmate from this position. Müller and Lamprecht give a fifteen-move solution; however, it contains an inaccurate move by Black (according to [[endgame tablebase]]s).<ref name=muller01p17 />

'''Avoid stalemate'''
{{Chess diagram  
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|From Silman
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|1.Kb6 would be stalemate.
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<br />One example of a stalemate is this position, where 1.Kb6 (marked with the x) would be stalemate.<ref>{{harvnb|Silman|2007|p=191}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===King, bishop and knight===
{{Main|Bishop and knight checkmate}}
{| style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Chess kll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess bll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess nll45.svg]]
| [[File:Chess kdl45.svg]]
|}
Of the basic checkmates, this is the most difficult one to {{chessgloss|forced mate|force}}, because these two pieces cannot form a linear barrier to the enemy king from a distance. Also, the checkmate can be forced only in a corner that the bishop controls.<ref name=speel7 /><ref>{{harvnb|Müller|Lamprecht|2001|p=18}}</ref>

{| align="left"
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|+ Checkmates with a bishop and a knight 
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Two basic checkmate positions are shown with a [[bishop (chess)|bishop]] and a [[knight (chess)|knight]], or the [[bishop and knight checkmate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kurzdorfer|2003|p=155}}</ref> The first position is a checkmate by the bishop, with the black king in the corner. The bishop can be on other squares along the diagonal, the white king and knight have to be on squares that attack g8 and h7. The second position is a checkmate by the knight, with the black king on a side square next to the corner. The knight can be on other squares that check the black king. The white king must be on a square to protect the bishop and cover a square not covered by the knight.

With the side with the bishop and knight to move, checkmate can be forced in at most thirty-three moves from any starting position,<ref>{{harvnb|Müller|Lamprecht|2001|p=19}}</ref> except those in which the defending king is initially [[fork (chess)|forking]] the bishop and knight and it is not possible to defend both. However, the [[Bishop and knight checkmate|mating process]] requires accurate play, since a few errors could result in a [[draw (chess)|draw]] either by the [[fifty-move rule]] or [[stalemate]].

Opinions differ as to whether or not a player should learn this checkmate procedure.  [[James Howell (chess player)|James Howell]] omits the checkmate with two bishops in his book because it rarely occurs but includes the bishop and knight checkmate. Howell says that he has had it three times (always on the defending side) and that it occurs more often than the checkmate with two bishops.<ref>{{harvnb|Howell|1997|p=138}}</ref>  On the other hand, [[Jeremy Silman]] includes the checkmate with two bishops but not the bishop plus knight checkmate because he has had it only once and his friend [[John L. Watson|John Watson]] has never had it.<ref>{{harvnb|Silman|2007|pp=33,188}}</ref> Silman says: "... mastering it would take a significant chunk of time. Should the chess hopeful really spend many of his precious hours he's put aside for chess study learning an endgame he will achieve (at most) only once or twice in his lifetime?"
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'''Avoid stalemate'''
{{Chess diagram  
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
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|nl|  |kl|  |  |  |  |  
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|  |kd|  |bl|  |  |  |  
|After 1.Na3+?, 1...Kc1! draws.
}}
This position is an example of a stalemate, from the end of a 1966 [[endgame study]] by A. H. Branton. White has just moved 1.Na3+? If Black moves 1...Kc1!, then White must move his bishop to save it because if the bishop is {{chessgloss|captured}}, the position is a draw because of the {{chessgloss|insufficient material}} rule.  But after any bishop move, the position is a stalemate.<ref>{{harvnb|Roycroft|1972|p=246}}</ref>
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