Editing Cicada (section)

===Description===
<!--[[File:HeadCicadidae.jpg|thumb|Head of ''[[Magicicada septendecim]]'' showing red eyes and ocelli]]-->
[[File:Gratopsaltria Nigrofuscata Young.jpg|upright|thumb|A Japanese Min-min-zemi, called with [[:en:Onomatopoeia|onomatopoeia]] (''[[Hyalessa maculaticollis]]'', [[annual cicada]])]]
[[File:Platypleura kaempferi (NiiNii cicada).png|200px|thumb|A Japanese Nii-nii-zemi ([[:ja:ニイニイゼミ|ニイニイゼミ]]), called with [[:en:Onomatopoeia|onomatopoeia]] (''Platypleura kaempferi'', [[annual cicada]]）]]

Cicadas are large insects made conspicuous by the courtship calls of the males. They are characterized by having three joints in their [[Arthropod leg#Tarsus|tarsi]], and having small [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]] with conical bases and three to six segments, including a [[seta]] at the tip.<ref name=Cuvier/> The [[Auchenorrhyncha]] differ from other hemipterans by having a [[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]] that arises from the posteroventral part of the head, complex sound-producing membranes, and a mechanism for linking the wings that involves a down-rolled edging on the rear of the fore wing and an upwardly protruding flap on the hind wing.<ref name=Resh/>

Cicadas are feeble jumpers, and nymphs lack the ability to jump altogether. Another defining characteristic is the adaptations of the fore limbs of nymphs for underground life. The relict family Tettigarctidae differs from the Cicadidae in having the [[prothorax]] extending as far as the [[Scutellum (insect anatomy)|scutellum]], and by lacking the tympanal apparatus.<ref name=Resh/>
[[File:20190828 semi uka.jpg|thumb|A black cicada just after [[Ecdysis|molting]] in the garden of a private house (Midwest Saitama Prefecture, Japan)]]

The adult insect, known as an [[imago]], is {{convert|2|to|5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in total length in most species. The largest, the [[empress cicada]] (''Megapomponia imperatoria''), has a head-body length around {{convert|7|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and its wingspan is {{convert|18|-|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Burton2002"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Flindt |first1=Rainer |title=Amazing Numbers in Biology |date=2006 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-30146-2 |page=10 }}</ref> Cicadas have prominent compound eyes set wide apart on the sides of the head. The short antennae protrude between the eyes or in front of them. They also have three small [[simple eyes in arthropods|ocelli]] located on the top of the head in a triangle between the two large eyes; this distinguishes cicadas from other members of the Hemiptera. The mouthparts form a long, sharp [[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]] that they insert into the plant to feed.<ref name=Capinera/> The [[Clypeus (arthropod anatomy)|postclypeus]] is a large, nose-like structure that lies between the eyes and makes up most of the front of the head; it contains the pumping musculature.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moulds |first=Maxwell Sydney |title=Australian Cicadas |publisher=New South Wales University Press |year=1990 |page=10 |isbn=978-0-86840-139-3}}</ref>

The thorax has three segments and houses the powerful wing muscles. They have two pairs of membranous wings that may be [[hyaline]], cloudy, or pigmented. The wing venation varies between species and may help in identification. The middle thoracic segment has an [[Operculum (animal)|operculum]] on the underside, which may extend posteriorly and obscure parts of the abdomen. The abdomen is segmented, with the hindermost segments housing the reproductive organs, and terminates in females with a large, saw-edged [[ovipositor]]. In males, the abdomen is largely hollow and used as a [[Resonating device|resonating chamber]].<ref name=Capinera/>

The surface of the fore wing is [[Superhydrophobic coating|superhydrophobic]]; it is covered with minute, waxy cones, blunt spikes that create a water-repellent film. Rain rolls across the surface, removing dirt in the process. In the absence of rain, [[dew]] condenses on the wings. When the droplets coalesce, the cicada leaps several millimetres into the air, which also serves to clean the wings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wisdom |first1=Katrina M. |last2=Watson |first2=Jolanta A. |last3=Qu |first3=Xiaopeng |last4=Liu |first4=Fangjie |last5=Watson |first5=Gregory S. |last6=Chen |first6=Chuan-Hua |title=Self-cleaning of superhydrophobic surfaces by self-propelled jumping condensate |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=26 April 2013 |volume=110 |issue=20 |pages=7992–7997 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1210770110 |pmid=23630277 |pmc=3657783 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.7992W |doi-access=free}}
*{{cite magazine |author=Charles Q. Choi |date=April 29, 2013 |title=Cicada Wings Are Self-Cleaning |magazine=Scientific American |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cicada-wings-self-cleaning/}}</ref> [[Bacteria]] landing on the wing surface are not repelled; rather, their membranes are torn apart by the nanoscale-sized spikes, making the wing surface the first-known [[biomaterial]] that can kill bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pogodin |first1=Sergey |last2=Hasan |first2=Jafar |last3=Baulin |first3=Vladimir A. |last4=Webb |first4=Hayden K. |last5=Truong |first5=Vi Khanh |last6=Phong Nguyen |first6=The Hong |last7=Boshkovikj |first7=Veselin |last8=Fluke |first8=Christopher J. |last9=Watson |first9=Gregory S. |last10=Watson |first10=Jolanta A. |last11=Crawford |first11=Russell J. |last12=Ivanova |first12=Elena P. |title=Biophysical Model of Bacterial Cell Interactions with Nanopatterned Cicada Wing Surfaces |journal=Biophysical Journal |date=February 2013 |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=835–840 |doi=10.1016/j.bpj.2012.12.046 |pmid=23442962 |pmc=3576530 |bibcode=2013BpJ...104..835P}}
*{{cite web |author=Bob Yirka |date=March 6, 2013 |title=Researchers find cicada wing structure able to kill bacteria on contact (w/ video) |website=Phys.org |url=http://phys.org/news/2013-03-cicada-wing-bacteria-contact-video.html}}</ref>