Editing Cirth (section)

=== ''Angerthas Daeron'' ===

In Beleriand, before the end of the [[First Age]], the ''Certhas'' was rearranged and further developed, partly under the influence of the [[Tengwar]] introduced by the Noldor. This reorganisation of the Cirth was commonly attributed to the [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elf]] Daeron, [[minstrel]] and loremaster of King [[Thingol]] of [[Doriath (Middle-earth)|Doriath]]. Thus, the new system became known as the '''''Angerthas Daeron'''''<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> (where "angerthas" {{nowrap|{{IPA|sjn|ɑŋˈɡɛrθɑs|}}}} is from Sindarin {{nowrap|"an(d)"}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|sjn|ɑn(d)|}}}} + "certhas" {{IPA|sjn|ˈkɛrθɑs|}}, meaning "long rune-rows"<ref>{{cite web |url= https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-698537603.html|title= Sindarin Words: ''angerthas''|author=<!--Not stated-->|website=eldamo.org|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref>).

In this arrangement, the assignment of values to each ''certh'' is systematic. The runes consisting of a stem and a branch attached to the right are used for [[voicelessness|voiceless]] [[stop consonant|stops]], while other sounds are allocated according to the following principles:<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>
# adding a stroke to a branch adds [[Voiced consonant|voice]] (e.g., [[File:Certh 1.svg|16px]] {{IPA|[p]}} → [[File:Certh 2.svg|16px]] {{IPA|[b]}});
# moving the branch to the left indicates opening to a [[spirant]] (e.g., [[File:Certh 8.svg|16px]] {{IPA|[t]}} → [[File:Certh 10.svg|16px]] {{IPA|[θ]}});
# placing the branch on both sides of the stem adds [[Nasal consonant|voice and nasality]] (e.g., [[File:Certh 18.svg|16px]] {{IPA|[k]}} → [[File:Certh 22.svg|16px]] {{IPA|[ŋ]}}).

The ''cirth'' constructed in this way can therefore be arranged into series, each corresponding to a [[place of articulation]]:
* [[labial consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 1.svg|16px]];
* [[dental consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 8.svg|16px]];
* [[front consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 13.svg|16px]];
* [[velar consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 18.svg|16px]];
* [[labialized velar consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 23.svg|16px]].

Other letters introduced in this system include: [[File:Certh 48.svg|16px]] and {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 44.svg|16px]]}} for {{angbr|a}} and {{angbr|w}}, respectively; runes for [[long vowel]]s, evidently originated by doubling and [[Bind rune|binding]] the ''certh'' of the corresponding short vowel (e.g., {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 50.svg|16px]][[File:Certh 50.svg|16px]] {{angbr|oo}}}} → {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 51.svg|16px]] {{angbr|ō}});}} two [[front vowel]]s, probably stemming from ligatures of the corresponding [[back vowel]] with the {{angbr|i}}-''certh'' (i.e., {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 39.svg|16px]][[File:Certh 42.svg|16px]]}} → {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 45a.svg|16px]] {{angbr|ü}}}}, and {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 39.svg|16px]][[File:Certh 50.svg|16px]]}} → {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 52.svg|16px]] {{angbr|ö}});}} some [[Homorganic consonant#Consonant clustering|homorganic nasal + stop clusters]] (e.g., {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 38.svg|16px]] {{IPA|[nd]}}).}}

Back to the fictional history, since the new {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 13.svg|16px]]-series}} and {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 23.svg|16px]]-series}} encompass sounds which do not occur in Sindarin but are present in [[Quenya]], they were most probably introduced by the Exiled [[Noldor]]<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> who spoke Quenya as a language of knowledge.

By loan-translation, the Cirth became known in Quenya as ''Certar'' {{IPA|qya|ˈkɛrtar|}}, while a single ''certh'' was called ''certa'' {{IPA|qya|ˈkɛrta|}}.

After the Tengwar became the sole script used for writing, the ''Angerthas Daeron'' was essentially relegated to carved inscriptions. The Elves of the West, for the most part, abandoned the Cirth altogether, with the exception of the Noldor dwelling in the country of [[Eregion]], who maintained it in use<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> and made it known as '''''Angerthas Eregion'''''.

'''Note''': In this article, the runes of the ''Angerthas'' come with the same peculiar [[transliteration]] used by Tolkien in the Appendix E, which differs from the (Latin) spelling of both Quenya and Sindarin. The [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcription that follows is applicable to both languages, except where indicated otherwise.

<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="white-space: nowrap;"
|+ style="text-align:left"| Regularly formed ''cirth''
|- align="center"
!rowspan="3"| Labial<br/>consonants !! colspan="2"| ''Certh''
| [[File:Certh 1.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 2.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 3.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 4.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 6.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 7.svg|20px]]
|- align="center"
!colspan="2"| <small>Transliteration</small>
| p || b || f || v || m{{ref label|ADmh|i}} || mh, mb
|- align="center"
!colspan="2"| <small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]</small>
| {{IPA|[p]}} || {{IPA|[b]}} || {{IPA|[f]}} || {{IPA|[v]}} || {{IPA|[m]}} || '''<small>({{abbr|S.|Sindarin}})</small>''' {{IPA|[ṽ]}}<br/>'''<small>({{abbr|Q.|Quenya}})</small>''' {{IPA|[mb]}}
|- align="center"
| colspan="3" style="border-right:none;"| || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"| || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"| || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"| || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"|  || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"|  || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-left:none;"|
|- align="center"
!rowspan="3"| Dental<br/>consonants !! colspan="2"| ''Certh''
| [[File:Certh 8.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 9.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 10.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 11.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 12.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 38.svg|20px]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 38a.svg|20px]]
|- align="center"
!colspan="2"| <small>Transliteration</small>
| t || d || th || dh || n || nd{{ref label|ADnd|ii}}
|- align="center"
!colspan="2"| <small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]</small>
| {{IPA|[t]}} || {{IPA|[d]}} || {{IPA|[θ]}} || {{IPA|[ð]}} || {{IPA|[n]}} || {{IPA|[nd]}}
|- align="center"
| colspan="9" |
|- align="center"
!rowspan="4"| Front<br/>consonants{{nobold|{{ref label|ADA|iii}}}} !! colspan="2"| ''Certh''
| [[File:Certh 13.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 14.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 15.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 16.svg|20px]] || colspan="2"| [[File:Certh 17.svg|20px]]
|- align="center"
!colspan="2"| <small>Transliteration</small>
| ch{{ref label|ADch|iv}} || j{{ref label|ADj|v}} || sh{{ref label|ADsh|vi}} || zh || colspan="2"| nj{{ref label|ADgn|vii}}
|- align="center"
!rowspan="2"| <small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]</small> !! <small>({{abbr|N.|Noldorin Quenya}})</small>
| {{IPA|[c⁽<sup>ȷ̊</sup>⁾]}} || {{IPA|[ɟj]}} || {{IPA|[ç]}} || {{IPA|[ʝ]}} || colspan="2"| <span style="opacity:0;">ɟ</span>{{IPA|[ɲj]}} ← {{IPA|[ɲɟj]}}
|- align="center"
!<small>({{abbr|V.|Vanyarin Quenya}})</small>
| {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} || {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || {{IPA|[ʒ]}} || || {{IPA|[nd͡ʒ]}}
|- align="center"
| colspan="9" |
|- align="center"
!rowspan="3"| Velar<br/>consonants !! colspan="2"| ''Certh''
| [[File:Certh 18.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 19.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 20.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 21.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 22.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 33.svg|20px]]
|- align="center"
!colspan="2"| <small>Transliteration</small>
| k || g || kh || gh || ŋ || ng
|- align="center"
!colspan="2"| <small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]</small>
| {{IPA|[k]}} || {{IPA|[ɡ]}} || {{IPA|[x]}} || {{IPA|[ɣ]}} || {{IPA|[ŋ]}} || {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}}
|- align="center"
| colspan="9" |
|- align="center"
!rowspan="3"| Labiovelar<br/>consonants !! colspan="2"| ''Certh''
| [[File:Certh 23.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 24.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 25.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 26.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 28.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 27.svg|20px]]
|- align="center"
!colspan="2"| <small>Transliteration</small>
| kw<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tolkien |first=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url=http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22 |page=66 |quote={{angbr|q}} ({{angbr|kw}}) consists of a lip-rounded ''k̊'' followed by a partly unvoiced ''w''-offglide (more marked medially than initially).}}</ref> || gw<ref name="PE22">{{cite journal |last=Tolkien |first=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url=http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22 |page=66 |quote={{angbr|gw}} which only occurs in the medial group {{angbr|ngw}} is the voiced counterpart: a lip-rounded ''ɡ̊'' followed by a ''w''-offglide.}}</ref> || khw || ghw || nw{{ref label|ADngw|viii}} || ngw<ref name="PE22"/>
|- align="center"
! <small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]</small> !! <small>({{abbr|Q.|Quenya}})</small>
| {{IPA|[kʷ₍w̥₎]}} || {{IPA|[ɡʷw]}} || {{IPA|[ʍ]}} || {{IPA|[w]}} || style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em;" |{{IPA|[nʷw]}}←{{IPA|[ŋʷw]}} || {{IPA|[ŋɡʷw]}}
|}
</div>
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="white-space: nowrap;"
|+ style="text-align:left"| Additional ''cirth''
|- align="center"
!rowspan="3"| Consonants !! ''Certh''
| [[File:Certh 29.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 30.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 31.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 32.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 34.svg|20px]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 35.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 36.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 54.svg|20px]]
|- align="center"
!<small>Transliteration</small>
| r || rh || l || lh || s || ss <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> z{{ref label|ADB|ix}} || h{{ref label|ADC|x}}
|- align="center"
!<small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]</small>
| {{IPA|[r]}} || {{IPA|[r̥]}} || {{IPA|[l]}} || {{IPA|[l̥]}} || {{IPA|[s]}} || {{IPA|[sː]}} <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> {{IPA|[z]}} || {{IPA|[h]}}
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" style="border-right:none;"| || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"| || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"| || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"| || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"|  || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"|  || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"|  || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-left:none;"|
|- align="center"
!rowspan="3"| Approximants !! ''Certh''
|  || [[File:Certh 44.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 5.svg|20px]] ||  ||  ||  ||
|- align="center"
!<small>Transliteration</small>
|  || w || hw{{ref label|ADhw|xi}} ||  ||  ||  ||
|- align="center"
!<small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]</small>
|  || {{IPA|[w]}} || {{IPA|[ʍ]}} ||  ||  ||  ||
|- align="center"
| colspan="9" |
|- align="center"
!rowspan="3"| Vowels !! ''Certh''
| [[File:Certh 39.svg|20px]] || colspan="2"| [[File:Certh 42.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 46.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 48.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 50.svg|20px]] || 
|- align="center"
!<small>Transliteration</small>
| i, y || colspan="2"| u || e || a || o ||
|- align="center"
!<small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]</small>
| {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[j]}} || colspan="2"| {{IPA|[u]}} || {{IPA|[e]}} || {{IPA|[a]}} || {{IPA|[o]}} ||
|- align="center"
| colspan="9" |
|- align="center"
!rowspan="3"| Long<br/>vowels !! ''Certh''
|  || colspan="2"| [[File:Certh 43.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 47.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 49.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 51.svg|20px]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 51a.svg|20px]] ||
|- align="center"
!<small>Transliteration</small>
|  || colspan="2"| ū || ē || ā || ō ||
|- align="center"
!<small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]</small>
|  || colspan="2"| {{IPA|[uː]}} || {{IPA|[eː]}} || {{IPA|[aː]}} || {{IPA|[oː]}} ||
|- align="center"
| colspan="9" |
|- align="center"
!rowspan="3"| Fronted<br/>vowels !! ''Certh''
|  || colspan="2"| [[File:Certh 45.svg|20px]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 45a.svg|20px]] ||  ||  || [[File:Certh 52.svg|20px]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 52a.svg|20px]] ||
|- align="center"
!<small>Transliteration</small>
|  || colspan="2"| ü ||  ||  || ö ||
|- align="center"
!<small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]</small>
|  || colspan="2"| {{IPA|[y]}} ||  ||  || {{IPA|[œ]}} ||
|}
</div>

'''Notes:'''
{{ordered list|type=lower-roman
  |{{note|ADmh||According to the principles outlined above, the labial nasal would be assigned to the ''certh'' [[File:Certh 5.svg|16px]]. However, archaic Sindarin had two labial nasals: the [[bilabial nasal|occlusive]] {{IPA|[m]}}, and the [[Fricative#Nasalized fricatives|spirant]] {{IPA|[ṽ]}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Tolkien |first1= J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: On Ælfwine's Spelling|url= http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22 |page=67 |quote=But he knew the old sign for 'nasal ṽ' and sometimes represents this (espec. where it is an initial variant on ''m'') by {{angbr|mh}}.}}</ref> (spelt {{angbr|mh}}). Since the {{angbr|mh}} sound could best be represented by a reversal of the sign for {{angbr|m}} (to indicate its [[spirantization]]), the reversible [[File:Certh 6.svg|16px]] was given the value {{angbr|m}}, and [[File:Certh 7.svg|16px]] was assigned to {{angbr|mh}}.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> The sound {{IPA|[ṽ]}} merged with {{IPA|[v]}} in later Sindarin.}}
  |{{note|ADnd||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 38.svg|16px]] was not clearly related in shape to the dentals.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>}}
  |{{note|ADA||The {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 13.svg|16px]]-series,}} which represents the front consonants of Quenya, is essentially the Cirth counterpart to the Tengwar ''tyelpetéma'' (column III in the ''[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general.htm#consonants General Use]'').<br/>In this article, each ''certh'' of this series comes with two [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcriptions. The reason is that these consonants are realised as [[palatal consonant|palatals]] in Noldorin Quenya, but as [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolars]] in Vanyarin Quenya. Although the ''Angerthas Daeron'' was devised for the Noldorin [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]], it is deemed necessary to show the Vanyarin pronunciation as well, given that the very transliteration used by Tolkien is more akin to the Vanyarin [[Phonology#Terminology|phonology]].}}
  |{{note|ADch||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 13.svg|16px]] indicates Quenya {{angbr|ty}}, which is pronounced {{nowrap|{{IPA|[c<sup>⁽</sup>ȷ̊<sup>⁾</sup>]}}}} in Noldorin<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link= J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url=http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22 |page=66 |quote={{angbr|ty}} is pronounced as a 'front explosive' [c], as e.g. Hungarian ''ty''; but it is followed by an appreciable partly unvoiced ''y''-offglide<!--[ȷ̊᪻]-->.}}</ref> but is a [[voiceless postalveolar affricate]] {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} in Vanyarin.<ref name="RE">{{cite web |url=https://realelvish.net/pronunciation/quenya/ |title=Quenya pronunciation |website=RealElvish.net |access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref>}}
  |{{note|ADj||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 14.svg|16px]] represents Quenya {{angbr|dy}}, formerly pronounced {{IPA|[ɟj]}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url= http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22 |page=66 |quote={{angbr|dy}} was formerly the voiced counterpart [ɟ] followed by a ''y''-offglide.}}</ref>}}
  |{{note|ADsh||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 15.svg|16px]] stands for Quenya {{angbr|hy}}, which is a [[voiceless palatal fricative]] {{nowrap|{{IPA|[ç]}}}} in Noldorin<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url=http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22|page= 65|quote={{angbr|hy}} is an audibly spirant voiceless ''y'', that is approximately [ç] as ''ch'' in German ''ich''.}}</ref> and a [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in Vanyarin.<ref name="RE"/>}}
  |{{note|ADgn||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 17.svg|16px]] denotes Quenya {{angbr|ndy}}, formerly pronounced {{IPA|[ɲɟj]}}. In Noldorin, this cluster was later [[Cluster reduction|reduced]] to {{angbr|ny}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url=http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22|page= 66|quote={{angbr|dy}} ... only occurred in the group {{angbr|ndy}}, which has become simplified to {{angbr|ny}}.}}</ref> (articulated as {{IPA|[ɲj]}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url= http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22 |page=66 |quote=''n'' in {{angbr|ny}} is 'palatal n' but followed by (cf. {{angbr|ty}}) a ''y''-offglide, more marked medially (where {{angbr|ny}} counts as a group), less so initially).}}</ref>). On the other hand, in Vanyarin, the cluster underwent [[assibilation]], turning into {{IPA|[nd͡ʒ]}}.<ref name="RE"/>}}
  |{{note|ADngw||The ''certh'' {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 28.svg|16px]],}} much like the ''tengwa'' [[File:Tengwa nwalme.svg|16px]] "ñwalme", formerly represented Quenya {{angbr|ñw}} (pronounced {{IPA|[ŋʷw]}}), occurring only in initial position. This sound later evolved into {{IPA|[nʷw]}}, explaining the transliteration of this ''certh'' as {{angbr|nw}}. Non-initial occurrences of {{IPA|[nʷw]}} are most probably interpreted as {{angbr|n}}+{{angbr|w}} (i.e., two separate ''cirth'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_quenya.htm|title=Amanye Tenceli: Tengwar - The Classical mode|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Amanye Tenceli|quote=''ñwalme'' > ''nwalme''. Only used for initial {{angbr|nw}}, which developed from {{angbr|ñw}}. Other occurrences of {{angbr|nw}} (originating in {{angbr|n}} + {{angbr|w}}) are written ''númen'' + ''vilya''.}}</ref>}}
  |{{note|ADB||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 36.svg|16px]], the theoretical value of which is {{angbr|z}}, is instead used as {{angbr|ss}} in both Quenya and Sindarin (cf. the ''tengwa'' [[File:Tengwa esse.svg|16px]] "esse"/"áze").<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>}}
  |{{note|ADC||The new ''certh'' [[File:Certh 54.svg|16px]] was introduced for {{angbr|h}}: it is similar in shape both to the ''certh'' [[File:Certh 13.svg|16px]] (formerly used for {{angbr|h}}, then reassigned to {{angbr|ty}}) and to the ''tengwa'' [[File:Tengwa hyarmen.svg|16px]] "hyarmen".}}
  |{{note|ADhw||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 5.svg|16px]], the theoretical value of which was {{angbr|m}}, was used for Sindarin {{angbr|hw}} for the reasons stated above<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> (cf. the ''tengwa'' [[File:Tengwa hwesta sindarinwa.svg|16px]] "hwesta sindarinwa").}}
}}