Editing Collective action (section)

===Model refinement===
While there is sound empirical support for the causal importance of SIMCA's key theoretical variables on collective action,<ref name="van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears (2008)"/> more recent literature has addressed the issue of reverse causation, finding support for a related, yet distinct, encapsulation model of social identity in collective action (EMSICA).<ref name="Thomas, Mavor & McGarty (2011)">{{cite journal|last1 = Thomas|first1 = E.F.|last2=Mavor|first2=K.I.|last3=McGarty|first3=C.|s2cid = 53577195|title = Social identities facilitate and encapsulate action-relevant constructs: A test of the social identity model of collective action|journal = Group Processes and Intergroup Relations|volume = 15| issue = 1| pages = 75–88|year = 2011|doi = 10.1177/1368430211413619|hdl = 1885/66105|hdl-access = free}}</ref> This model suggests that perceived group efficacy and perceived injustice provide the basis from which social identity emerges, highlighting an alternative causal pathway to collective action. Recent research has sought to integrate SIMCA with [[Contact hypothesis|intergroup contact theory]] (see Cakal, Hewstone, Schwär, & Heath<ref name="Cakal, Hewstone, Schwär & Heath (2011)">{{cite journal|last1 = Cakal|first1 = H.|last2=Hewstone|first2=M.|last3=Schwär|first3=G.|last4=Heath|first4=A.|title = An investigation of the social identity model of collective action and the 'sedative' effect of intergroup contact among Black and White students in South Africa|journal = British Journal of Social Psychology|volume = 50| pages = 606–627|year = 2011|doi = 10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02075.x|pmid = 22122025|issue = 4}}</ref>) and others have extended SIMCA through bridging morality research with the collective action literature (see van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears<ref name="van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears (2012)">{{cite journal|last1 = van Zomeren|first1 = M.|last2=Postmes|first2=T.|last3=Spears|first3=R.|s2cid = 44659756|title = On conviction's collective consequences: Integrating moral conviction with the social identity model of collective action|journal = British Journal of Social Psychology|volume = 51| pages = 52–71|year = 2012|doi = 10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02000.x|pmid = 22435846|issue = 1|url = https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/143451835/On_conviction_s_collective_consequences_Integrating_moral_conviction_with.pdf}}</ref> for a review).

Also, utopian thinking has been proposed as an antecendant to collective action, aside to the route affecting perceived injustice, efficacy, or social identity.<ref name="Fernando-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Fernando |first1=Julian W. |last2=O'Brien |first2=Léan V. |last3=Burden |first3=Nicholas J. |last4=Judge |first4=Madeline |last5=Kashima |first5=Yoshihisa |date=March 2020 |title=Greens or space invaders: Prominent utopian themes and effects on social change motivation |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.2607 |journal=European Journal of Social Psychology |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=278–291 |doi=10.1002/ejsp.2607 |issn=0046-2772|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30136822 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Utopian thinking contributes to accessing cognitive alternatives, which are imagined models of societies that are different from the current society.<ref name="Fernando-2020" /> Cognitive alternatives are proposed by many social identity theorists as an effective way to increase collective action.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Tajfel, Henri; Turner, John C. |title=The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior |publisher=Psychology Press |date=2004-01-09 |isbn=978-0-203-50598-4 |pages=276–293}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reicher, S. D., & Haslam, S. A. |title=Change we can believe in: The role of social identity, cognitive alternatives, and leadership in group mobilization and social transformation. In B. Wagoner, E. Jensen, & J. A. Oldmeadow (Eds.), Culture and social change: Transforming society through the power of ideas |publisher=IAP Information Age Publishing. |year=2012 |pages=53–73}}</ref> Moreover, utopian thinking has the potential to increase perceived injustice, perceived efficacy, or form new social identities and therefore affect collective action.<ref name="Fernando-2020" />