Editing Columbian exchange (section)

=== Of animals ===

Initially, the Columbian exchange of animals largely went in one direction, from Europe to the New World, as the Eurasian regions had domesticated many more animals. [[Horse]]s, [[donkeys]], [[mule]]s, [[pigs]], [[cattle]], [[sheep]], [[goats]], [[chickens]], [[dogs]], [[cats]], and [[bees]] were rapidly adopted by native peoples for transport, food, and other uses. The [[Plains Indians#Horses|Plains Indians]], for example, made extensive use of horses for hunting.<ref name="Francis 2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Francis |editor-first=John Michael |editor1-link=J. Michael Francis |encyclopedia=Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia |title=Columbian Exchange—Livestock |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMNoS-g1h8cC&pg=PA303 |year=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-421-9 |pages=303–308}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=225 heights=225>
File:The Florentine Codex- The Conquest of Mexico.png|[[Spanish conquest of Mexico]], 1519–1521, with [[horse]]s, [[pig]]s, [[cattle]], and [[sheep]] being landed from ships. [[Florentine Codex]]. 
File:George Catlin - Buffalo hunt.jpg|Native Americans learned to use horses, dramatically expanding their hunting range.<ref name="Francis 2006"/> [[George Catlin]], 1844
</gallery>

{{vertical align rows}}
{| class="wikitable floatleft vertical-align-top"
|+ Post-Columbian transfers of domestic animals
|- 
! Old World to New World
! New World to Old World
|-
|
* [[cattle]]<ref name="Crosby 2001"/> 
* [[chicken]]<ref name="Crosby 2001"/>
* large [[dog]]<ref name="Crosby 2001"/>
* [[donkey]]<ref name="Crosby 2001"/>
* [[Domestic duck|duck]] (domesticated mallard)<ref name="Hou et al 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Hou |first1=Z.-C. |last2=Yang |first2=F.-X. |last3=Qu |first3=L.-J. |last4=Zheng |first4=J.-X. |last5=Brun |first5=J.-M. |last6=Basso |first6=B. |last7=Pitel |first7=F. |last8=Yang |first8=N. |last9=Xu |first9=G.-Y. |title=Genetic structure of Eurasian and North American mallard ducks based on mtDNA data |journal=Animal Genetics |publisher=Wiley |volume=43 |issue=3 |date=23 September 2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02248.x |pages=352–355|pmid=22486512 }}</ref>
* [[goat]]<ref name="Crosby 2001"/> 
* [[horse]]<ref name="Crosby 2001"/> 
* [[pig]]<ref name="Crosby 2001"/>
* [[sheep]]<ref name="Crosby 2001"/>
|
* [[Turkey (bird)|turkey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencealert.com/humans-weren-t-always-after-turkey-meat |title=Study Shows That Humans Domesticated Turkeys For Worshipping, Not Eating |first=David |last=Nield |website=sciencealert.com |date=18 January 2018 |access-date=21 January 2018 |archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422172943/https://www.sciencealert.com/humans-weren-t-always-after-turkey-meat|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Muscovy duck]]<ref name="b761">{{cite book |last=Stahl |first=Peter W. |chapter=Animal Domestication in South America |editor1-last=Silverman |editor1-first=Helaine |editor2-last=Isbell |editor2-first=William |title=Handbook of South American Archaeology |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |publication-place=New York |date=2008-04-06 |isbn=978-0-387-74907-5 |pages=121–130 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226307839}}</ref>
|}

While mesoamerican peoples, Mayas in particular, already practiced [[apiculture]],{{Sfn|Valadez Azúa|2004|p=5}} producing [[wax]] and [[honey]] from a variety of bees, such as ''[[Melipona]]'' or ''[[Trigona]]'',{{Sfn|Valadez Azúa|2004|pp=6–7}} European bees (''[[Apis mellifera]]'')—were more productive, delivering a honey with less water content and allowing for easier extraction from beehives—were introduced in New Spain, becoming an important part of farming production.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valadez Azúa |first=Raúl |title=Retomando la apicultura del México antiguo |year=2004 |journal=Veterinaria |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=11 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]] |url=https://fmvz.unam.mx/fmvz/imavet/v4n2a04/v4n2a04.pdf}}</ref>

The [[Mapuche]] of [[Araucanía (historic region)|Araucanía]] were fast to adopt the horse from the Spanish, and improve their military capabilities as they fought the [[Arauco War]] against Spanish colonizers.<ref name=DilleMaterial2014>{{cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D. |date=2014|editor-last=Dillehay |editor-first=Tom |title=The Teleoscopic Polity |chapter=Archaeological Material Manifestations |publisher=Springer |pages=101–121 |isbn=978-3-319-03128-6 |author-link=Tom Dillehay }}</ref><ref name=BengoaAntiguo250-251>{{cite book |last=Bengoa |first=José |author-link=José Bengoa|title=Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur |year=2003 |publisher=Catalonia |location=Santiago |isbn=978-956-8303-02-0 |language=es|pages=250–251}}</ref> Until the arrival of the Spanish, the Mapuches had largely maintained [[chilihueques]] ([[llamas]]) as livestock. The Spanish introduction of sheep caused some competition between the two domesticated species. Anecdotal evidence of the mid-17th century shows that by then sheep far outnumbered llamas. The decline of llamas reached a point in the late 18th century when only the Mapuche from [[San José de la Mariquina|Mariquina]] and the Huequén next to [[Angol]] raised the species.<ref name=Torrejonetal2004>{{cite journal |last1=Torrejón |first1=Fernando |last2=Cisternas |first2=Marco |last3=Araneda |first3=Alberto |date=2004 |title=Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile |language=es |trans-title=Environmental effects of the Spanish colonization from de Maullín river to the Chiloé archipelago, southern Chile |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0716-078X2004000400009&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en |journal=[[Revista Chilena de Historia Natural]] |volume=77 |issue= 4 |pages=661–677 |doi=10.4067/s0716-078x2004000400009|doi-access=free }}</ref> In the [[Chiloé Archipelago]] the introduction of [[pig]]s by the Spanish proved a success. They could feed on the abundant [[shellfish]] and [[algae]] exposed by the large [[tide]]s.<ref name=Torrejonetal2004/>

In the other direction, the [[turkey (bird)|turkey]], from North America, and the [[Muscovy duck]], from Mexico and South America, were New World domestic animals transferred to Europe.{{sfn|Crosby|1972|p=212}}{{Clear}}