Editing Comanche (section)

==History==
{{Main|Comanche history}}
{{seealso|Spanish peace treaties with the Comanche}}

===Formation===
[[File:Uto-Aztecan map.svg|thumb|Pre-contact distribution of [[Uto-Aztecan languages]]]]
The Proto-Comanche movement to the Plains was part of the larger phenomenon known as the "Shoshonean Expansion" in which that language family spread across the Great Basin and across the mountains into Wyoming. The Kotsoteka ("Bison Eaters") were probably among the first. Other groups followed. Contact with the Shoshones of Wyoming was maintained until the 1830s when it was broken by the advancing Cheyennes and Arapahoes.

After the [[Pueblo Revolt]] of 1680, various Plains peoples acquired horses, but it was probably some time before they were very numerous. As late as 1725, Comanches were described as using large dogs rather than horses to carry their bison-hide "campaign tents".<ref name="Kavanagh 66">Kavanagh 66</ref>

Horses became a key element in the emergence of a distinctive Comanche culture. They were of such strategic importance that some scholars suggested that the Comanche broke away from the Shoshone and moved south to search for additional sources of horses among the settlers of [[New Spain]] to the south (rather than search for new herds of buffalo). The Comanche have the longest documented existence as horse-mounted Plains peoples; they had horses when the Cheyenne still lived in earth lodges.<ref>Kavanagh 7</ref>

The Comanche supplied horses and mules to all comers. As early as 1795, Comanche were selling horses to Anglo-American traders.<ref name="Kavanagh 63">Kavanagh 63</ref> and by the mid-19th century, Comanche-supplied horses were flowing into St. Louis via other Indian middlemen (Seminole, Osage, Shawnee).<ref>Kavanagh 380</ref>

Their original [[Pre-modern human migration|migration]] took them to the southern [[Great Plains]], into a sweep of territory extending from the [[Arkansas River]] to central Texas. The earliest references to them in the Spanish records date from 1706, when reports reached Santa Fe that Utes and Comanches were about to attack.<ref name="Kavanagh 63"/> In the Comanche advance, the Apaches were driven off the Plains. By the end of the 18th century, the struggle between Comanche and Apache had assumed legendary proportions; in 1784, in recounting the history of the southern Plains, <!-- Coahuila y --> Texas Governor [[Domingo Cabello y Robles]] recorded that some 60 years earlier (i.e., ''circa'' 1724), the Apache had been routed from the Southern Plains in a nine-day battle at La Gran Sierra del Fierro, the "Great Mountain of Iron", somewhere northwest of Texas. but no other record, documentary or legendary, of such a fight has been found.<ref name="Kavanagh 66"/>

They were formidable warriors, who developed strategies for using traditional weapons for fighting on horseback. Warfare was a major part of Comanche life. Their raids into Mexico traditionally took place during the full moon, when they could see to ride at night. This led to the term "Comanche Moon", during which the Comanche raided for horses, captives, and weapons.<ref>Wallace and Hoebel</ref> Comanche raids, especially in the 1840s, reached hundreds of miles deep into Mexico, devastating northern parts of the country.<ref>Kavanagh (1996)</ref>

===Divisions===
Kavanagh has defined four levels of social-political integration in traditional Comanche society before reservations:<ref>Kavanagh 41–53</ref>
*[[Patrilineal]] and [[patrilocal]] nuclear family
*Extended family group (nʉmʉnahkahni – "the people who live together in a household", no size limits, but kinship recognition was limited to relatives two generations above or three below)
*Residential local group or "band", comprised one or more nʉmʉnahkahni, one of which formed its core. The [[Band society|band]] was the primary social unit of the Comanche. A typical band might number several hundred people. It was a family group, centered around a group of men, all of whom were relatives, sons, brothers, or cousins. Since marriage with a known relative was forbidden, wives came from another group, and sisters left to join their husbands. The central man in that group was their grandfather, father, or uncle. He was called ''paraivo'', "chief". After his death, one of the other men took his place; if none was available, the band members might drift apart to other groups, where they might have relatives and/or establish new relations by marrying an existing member. No separate term was used for or status of peace chief or war chief; any man leading a war party was a war chief.
*Division (sometimes called tribe, Spanish ''nación'', ''rama'' – "branch", comprising several local groups linked by kinship, sodalities (political, medicine, and military) and common interest in hunting, gathering, war, peace, and trade).

In contrast to the neighboring [[Cheyenne]] and [[Arapaho]] to the north, a single Comanche political unit or "Nation" was never recognized by all Comanche. Rather, the divisions, the most "tribe-like" units, acted independently, pursuing their own economic and political goals.

Before the 1750s, the Spanish identified three ''Comanche Naciones'' (divisions): Hʉpenʉʉ (Jupe, Hoipi), Yaparʉhka (Yamparika), and Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka).

After the Mescalero Apache, Jicarilla Apache, and Lipan Apache had been largely displaced from the Southern Plains by the Comanche and allied tribes in the 1780s, the Spanish began to divide the now-dominant Comanche into two geographical groups, which only partially corresponded to the former three ''naciones''. The Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) (Buffalo Eaters), which had moved southeast in the 1750s and 1760s to the Southern Plains in Texas, were called ''Cuchanec Orientales'' (Eastern Cuchanec/Kotsoteka") or Eastern Comanche, while those Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) who remained in the northwest and west, together with Hʉpenʉʉ (Jupe, Hoipi – Timber/Forest People) (and sometimes Yaparʉhka (Yamparika)), which had moved southward to the North Canadian River, were called ''Cuchanec Occidentales'' (Western Cuchanec/Kotsoteka) or Western Comanche. The Western Comanche lived in the region of the upper [[Arkansas River|Arkansas]], [[Canadian River|Canadian]], and [[Red River of the South|Red]] Rivers, and the [[Llano Estacado]]. The Eastern Comanche lived on the [[Edwards Plateau]] and the Texas plains of the upper [[Brazos River|Brazos]] and [[Colorado River (Texas)|Colorado]] Rivers, and east to the [[Cross Timbers]].
They were probably the ancestors of the Penatʉka Nʉʉ (Penateka – Honey Eaters).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/viewform.asp?atlas_num=5507016257&site_name=Penateka%20Comanches&class=5000 |title=Penateka Comanches ~ Marker Number: 16257 |date=2009 |location=[[Camp Verde, Texas]] |website=[[Texas Historic Sites Atlas]] |publisher=[[Texas Historical Commission]]}}</ref>

Over time, these divisions were altered in various ways, primarily due to changes in political resources.<ref>Kavanagh 478</ref> As noted above, the Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) were probably the first proto-Comanche group to separate from the Eastern Shoshone.

[[File:War on the Plains Comanche vs Osage by George Catlin 1834.png|thumb|right|''War on the Plains'': Comanche (right) trying to lance an Osage warrior, painting by [[George Catlin]], 1834]]

The name Hʉpenʉʉ (Jupe, Hoipi) vanished from history in the early 19th century, probably merging into the other divisions; they are likely the forerunners of the Nokoni Nʉʉ (Nokoni), Kwaarʉ Nʉʉ (Kwahadi, Quohada), and  Hʉpenʉʉ (Hois) local group of the Penatʉka Nʉʉ (Penateka). Due to pressure by southward-moving [[Kiowa]] and [[Plains Apache|Plains Apache (Naishan)]] raiders, many Yaparʉhka (Yamparika) moved southeast, joining the Eastern Comanche and becoming known as the Tahnahwah (Tenawa, Tenahwit). Many Kiowa and Plains Apache moved to northern Comancheria and became later closely associated with the Yaparʉhka (Yamparika).

In the mid-19th century, other powerful divisions arose, such as the Nokoni Nʉʉ (Nokoni) (Wanderers, literally "go someplace and return"), and the Kwaarʉ Nʉʉ (Kwahadi, Quohada) (Antelope Eaters). The latter originally were some local groups of the Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) from the Cimarron River Valley and descendants of some Hʉpenʉʉ (Jupe, Hoipi), who had pulled both southwards.

The northernmost Comanche division was the Yaparʉhka (Yapai Nʉʉ or Yamparika — (Yap)Root Eaters). As the last band to move onto the Plains, they retained much of their Eastern Shoshone tradition.

The power and success of the Comanche attracted bands of neighboring peoples, who joined them and became part of Comanche society; an Arapaho group became known as Saria Tʉhka (Chariticas, Sata Teichas – Dog Eaters) band, an Eastern Shoshone group as Pohoi (Pohoee – Wild Sage) band, and a Plains Apache group as the Tasipenanʉʉ band.

The Texans and Americans divided the Comanche into five, large, dominant bands – the Yaparʉhka (Yamparika), Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka), Nokoni Nʉʉ (Nokoni), Penatʉka Nʉʉ (Penateka), and Kwaarʉ Nʉʉ (Kwahadi, Quohada)', which in turn were divided by geographical terms into first three (later four) regional groupings: Northern Comanche, Middle Comanche, Southern Comanche, Eastern Comanche, and later Western Comanche. These terms, though, generally do not correspond to the native language terms.

[[File:DodgeComancheEmissary.png|thumb|Comanches [[First Dragoon Expedition|meeting the U.S. dragoons]] near the [[Wichita Mountains]] in 1834, by George Catlin]]
The Northern Comanche label encompassed the Yaparʉhka (Yamparika) between the Arkansas River and Canadian River and the prominent and powerful Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka), who roamed the High Plains of Oklahoma and Texas Panhandles between the Red and Canadian Rivers; the famous Palo Duro Canyon offered their horse herds and them protection from strong winter storms and enemies, because the two bands dominated and ranged in the northern Comancheria.

The Middle Comanche label encompassed the aggressive Nokoni Nʉʉ (Nokoni) (Wanderers, "those who turn back") between the headwaters of the Red River and the Colorado River in the south and the Western Cross Timbers in the east; their preferred ranges were on the Brazos River headwaters and its tributaries, and the Pease River offered protection from storms and enemies. Two smaller bands shared the same tribal areas: the Tahnahwah (Tenawa, Tenahwit) (Those Living Downstream) and Tanimʉʉ (Tanima, Dahaʉi, Tevawish) (Liver Eaters). All three bands together were known as Middle Comanche because they lived "in the middle" of the Comancheria.

The Southern Comanche label encompassed the Penatʉka Nʉʉ (Penateka) (Honey Eaters), the southernmost, largest, and best-known band among Whites as they lived near the first Spanish and Texan settlements; their tribal areas extended from the upper reaches of the rivers in central Texas and Colorado River southward, including much of the Edwards Plateau, and eastward to the Western Cross Timbers; because they dominated the southern Comancheria, they were called Southern Comanche.

The Western Comanche label encompassed the Kwaarʉ Nʉʉ (Kwahadi, Quohada) (Antelope Eaters), who is the last to develop as an independent band in the 19th century. They lived on the hot, low-shadow desert plateaus of Llano Estacado in eastern New Mexico, and found shelter in Tule Canyon and Palo Duro Canyon in northwestern Texas. They were the only band that never signed a contract with the Texans or Americans, and they were the last to give up the resistance. Because of their relative isolation from the other bands on the westernmost edge of the Comancheria, they were called the Western Comanche.

Much confusion has occurred and continues in the presentation of Comanche group names. Groups on all levels of organization, families, nʉmʉnahkahni, bands, and divisions, were given names, but many band lists do not distinguish these levels. In addition, alternate names and nicknames could exist. The spelling differences between Spanish and English add to the confusion.

{{anchor|Bands}}

===Some of the Comanche group names ===
* '''Yaparʉhka''' or '''Yamparika''' (also Yapai Nʉʉ – [[Perideridia gairdneri|(Yap)Root Eaters]]; One of its local groups may have been called Widyʉ Nʉʉ / Widyʉ / Widyʉ Yapa – Awl People; after the death of a man named Awl, they changed their name to Tʉtsahkʉnanʉʉ or Ditsahkanah – Sewing People [Titchahkaynah]. Other Yapai local groups included: 
** Ketahtoh or Ketatore (Don't Wear Shoes, also called ''Napwat Tʉ'' – Wearing No Shoes)
** Motso (′Bearded Ones′, derived from ''motso'' – beard)
** Pibianigwai (Loud Talkers, Loud Askers)
** Sʉhmʉhtʉhka (Eat Everything) 
** Wahkoh (Shell Ornament)
** Waw'ai or Wohoi (also Waaih – Lots of Maggots on the Penis, also called Nahmahe'enah – Somehow being (sexual) together, to have sex, called by other groups, because they preferred to marry [[endogamy]] and chose their partners from their own local group; this was viewed critically by other Comanche people.)
* '''Hʉpenʉʉ''' or '''Jupe''' (Timber People because they lived in more wooded areas in the Central Plains north of the Arkansas River, also spelled Hois.
* '''Kʉhtsʉtʉʉka''' or '''Kotsoteka''' ([[Plains bison|Buffalo Eaters]], spelled in Spanish as ''Cuchanec'')
* '''Kwaarʉnʉʉ''' or '''Kwahadi/Quohada''' (Kwahare – Antelope Eaters; nicknamed Kwahihʉʉki – Sunshades on Their Backs, because they lived on desert plains of the Llano Estacado in eastern New Mexico, westernmost Comanche Band). One of their local groups was nicknamed  Parʉhʉya (Elk, literally Water Horse).
* '''Nokoninʉʉ''' or '''Nokoni''' (Movers, Returners); allegedly, after the death of chief [[Peta Nocona]], they called themselves Noyʉhkanʉʉ – Not Staying in One Place, and/or Tʉtsʉ Noyʉkanʉʉ / Detsanayʉka – Bad Campers, Poor Wanderer
** Tahnahwah or Tenawa (also Tenahwit – Those Who Live Downstream
** Tanimʉʉ or Tanima (also called Dahaʉi or Tevawish – Liver Eaters
* '''Penatʉka Nʉʉ''' or '''Penateka''' (other variants: Pihnaatʉka, Penanʉʉ – Honey Eaters

Some names given by others include: 
* WahaToya (literally Two Mountains); (given as Foothills in Cloud People – those who live near Walsenburg, CO<ref>Whatley: Jemez-Comanche-Kiowa repatriation, 1993–1999</ref>
* Toyanʉmʉnʉ (Foothills People – those who lived near Las Vegas, NM) <ref><Whatley: Jemez-Comanche-Kiowa repatriation, 1993–1999></ref>

Unassignable names include: 
* Tayʉʉwit / Teyʉwit (Hospitable Ones)
* Kʉvahrahtpaht (Steep Climbers)
* Taykahpwai / Tekapwai (No Meat)
* Pagatsʉ (Pa'káh'tsa – Head of the Stream, also called Pahnaixte – Those Who Live Upstream)
* Mʉtsahne or Motsai (Undercut Bank)

Old Shoshone names 
* Pekwi Tʉhka (Fish Eaters)
* Pohoi / Pohoee (Wild Sage)

Other names, which may or may not refer to Comanche groups include:
* Hani Nʉmʉ (Hai'ne'na'ʉne – Corn Eating People), Wichitas
* It'chit'a'bʉd'ah (Utsu'itʉ – Cold People, i.e. Northern People, probably another name for the Yaparʉhka or one of their local groups – because they lived to the north)
* Itehtah'o (Burnt Meat, nicknamed by other Comanche, because they threw their surplus of meat out in the spring, where it dried and became black, looking like burnt meat)
* Naʉ'niem (No'na'ʉm – Ridge People

Modern local groups
* Ohnonʉʉ (also Ohnʉnʉnʉʉ or Onahʉnʉnʉʉ, Salt People or Salt Creek people) live in [[Caddo County, Oklahoma|Caddo County]] in the vicinity of [[Cyril, Oklahoma]]; mostly descendants of the Nokoni Pianavowit
* Wianʉʉ (Wianʉ, Wia'ne – Hill Wearing Away), live east of [[Walters, Oklahoma]], descendants of Waysee

===Comanche Wars===
[[File:Comancheria.png|thumb|left|Comancheria 1770–1850.]]
{{Main|Comanche Wars|Comanche-Mexico War|Texas–Indian Wars}}

The Comanche fought a [[Comanche Wars|number of conflicts]] against [[Kingdom of Spain|Spanish]] and later [[United Mexican States|Mexican]] and [[United States of America|American]] armies. These were both expeditionary, as with the [[Comanche-Mexico Wars|raids into Mexico]], and [[Texas-Indian Wars|defensive]]. The Comanche were noted as fierce warriors who fought vigorously for their homeland of [[Comancheria]]. However, the massive population of the settlers from the east and the diseases they brought led to pressure and decline of Comanche power and the [[wikt:Cessation|cessation]] of their major presence in the southern [[Great Plains]].

===Relationship with settlers===
[[File:Comanche Lookout Arthur T. Lee.jpg|thumb|Comanches watching an American caravan in West Texas, 1850, by the US Army officer, [[Arthur Tracy Lee|Arthur Lee]]]]
[[File:Comanchebraves.jpg|thumb|upright|Comanche warriors, c. 1867–1874]]
[[File:Chief Quanah Parker of the Kwahadi Comanche.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Quanah Parker]], prominent chief of the Comanche Indians with a feather fan; photo by James Mooney, 1892]]

The Comanche maintained an ambiguous relationship with Europeans and later settlers attempting to colonize their territory. The Comanche were valued as trading partners since 1786 via the [[Comanchero]]s of New Mexico, but were feared for their raids against settlers in Texas.<ref>Plummer, R., Narrative of the Capture and Subsequent Sufferings of Mrs. Rachel Plummer, 1839, in Parker's Narrative and History of Texas, Louisville: Morning Courier, 1844, pp. 88–118</ref><ref>Lee, N., Three Years Among the Comanches, in Captured by the Indians, Drimmer, F., editor, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1961, {{ISBN|0486249018}}, pp. 277–313</ref><ref>Babb, T.A., In the Bosom of the Comanches, 1912, Dallas: John F. Worley Printing Co.</ref><ref>Bell, J.D., A true Story of My Capture by, and Life with the Comanche Indians, in "Every Day Seemed Like a Holiday", The Captivity of [[Bianca Babb]], Gelo, D.J. and Zesch, S., editors, Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 107, No. 1, 2003, pp. 49–67</ref> Similarly, they were, at one time or another, at war with virtually every other Native American group living on the South Plains,<ref>Lehmann, H., 1927, 9 Years Among the Indians, 1870–1879, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, {{ISBN|0826314171}}</ref><ref>Smith, C.L., 1927, The Boy Captives, San Saba: San Saba Printing & Office Supply, {{ISBN|0-943639-24-7}}</ref> leaving opportunities for political maneuvering by European colonial powers and the United States. At one point, [[Sam Houston]], president of the newly created [[Republic of Texas]], almost succeeded in reaching a [[peace treaty]] with the Comanche in the 1844 [[Treaty of Tehuacana Creek]]. His efforts were thwarted in 1845 when the [[Texas Legislature]] refused to create an official boundary between Texas and the Comancheria.

While the Comanche managed to maintain their independence and increase their territory, by the mid-19th century, they faced annihilation because of a wave of epidemics due to [[Eurasia]]n diseases to which they had no immunity, such as [[smallpox]] and [[measles]]. Outbreaks of smallpox (1817, 1848) and [[cholera]] (1849) took a major toll on the Comanche, whose population dropped from an estimated 20,000 in the late 18th century to just a few thousand by the 1870s.

The US began efforts in the late 1860s to move the Comanche into reservations, with the [[Treaty of Medicine Lodge]] (1867), which offered churches, schools, and annuities in return for a vast tract of land totaling over {{convert|60,000|sqmi|km2}}. The government promised to stop the buffalo hunters, who were steadily exterminating the great bison herds of the Plains, provided that the Comanche, along with the [[Apache Tribe|Apache]]s, [[Kiowa]]s, [[Cheyenne]], and [[Arapaho]]s, move to a reservation totaling less than {{convert|5,000|sqmi|km2}} of land, but the government did not prevent the slaughtering of the herds. The Comanche under Quenatosavit White Eagle (later called [[Isa-tai]] "Coyote's Vagina") retaliated by attacking a group of hunters in the Texas Panhandle in the [[Second Battle of Adobe Walls]] (1874). The attack was a disaster for the Comanche, and the US army was called in during the [[Red River War]] to drive the remaining Comanche in the area into the reservation, culminating in the [[Battle of Palo Duro Canyon]]. Within just 10 years, the bison were on the verge of extinction, effectively ending the Comanche way of life as hunters. In May 1875, the last free band of Comanches, led by Quahada warrior [[Quanah Parker]], surrendered and moved to the [[Fort Sill]] reservation in Oklahoma. The last independent Kiowa and Kiowa Apache had also surrendered.

The 1890 Census showed 1,598 Comanche at the Fort Sill reservation, which they shared with 1,140 Kiowa and 326 Kiowa Apache.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frontier Forts > The Passing of the Indian Era|url=http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/forts/indians.html|access-date=2022-08-20|website=www.texasbeyondhistory.net}}</ref>

====Meusebach–Comanche treaty====
The Peneteka band agreed to a peace treaty with the German Immigration Company under [[John O. Meusebach]]. This treaty was not affiliated with any level of government. Meusebach brokered the treaty to settle the lands on the Fisher-Miller Land Grant, from which were formed the 10 counties of [[Concho County, Texas|Concho]], [[Kimble County, Texas|Kimble]], [[Llano County, Texas|Llano]], [[Mason County, Texas|Mason]], [[McCulloch County, Texas|McCulloch]], [[Menard County, Texas|Menard]], [[Schleicher County, Texas|Schleicher]], [[San Saba County, Texas|San Saba]], [[Sutton County, Texas|Sutton]], and [[Tom Green County, Texas|Tom Green]].<ref name="Land">{{cite web|title=THC-Fisher-Miller Land Grant|url=http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/viewform.asp?atlas_num=5299009438&site_name=Fisher+-+Miller+Grant&class=5000|work=Texas Historic Markers|publisher=Texas Historical Commission|access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref>{{details|Fisher–Miller Land Grant}} In contrast to many treaties of its day, this treaty was very brief and simple, with all parties agreeing to a mutual cooperation and a sharing of the land. The treaty was agreed to at a meeting in San Saba County,<ref>{{cite web|title=THC-Comanche Treaty|url=http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/viewform.asp?atlas_num=5411000991&site_name=Comanche+Indian+Treaty&class=5000|publisher=Texas Historical Association|access-date=17 September 2011}}</ref> and signed by all parties on May 9, 1847, in [[Fredericksburg, Texas]]. The treaty was very specifically between the Peneteka band and the German Immigration Company. No other band or tribe was involved. The German Immigration Company was dissolved by Meusebach himself shortly after it had served its purpose. By 1875, the Comanches had been relocated to reservations.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Demallie|first1=Raymond J |last2=Deloria | first2=Vine |title=Documents of American Indian Diplomacy: Treaties, Agreements and Conventions 1775–1979, Vol 1. |year=1999|publisher=University of Oklahoma|isbn=0-8061-3118-7|pages=1493–1494}}</ref>{{details|Meusebach-Comanche Treaty}} Five years later, artist [[Friedrich Richard Petri]] and his family moved to the settlement of [[Pedernales, Texas|Pedernales]], near Fredericksburg. Petri's sketches and watercolors gave witness to the friendly relationships between the Germans and various local [[Native American (Americas)|Native American]] tribes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Germunden|first=Gerd|title=Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections|year=2002|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-6420-5|author2=Calloway, Colin G |author3=Zantop, Suzanne |page=65}}</ref>

====Fort Martin Scott treaty====
In 1850, another treaty was signed in San Saba, between the United States government and a number of local tribes, among which were the Comanche. This treaty was named for the nearest military fort, which was [[Fort Martin Scott]]. The treaty was never officially ratified by any level of government and was binding only on the part of the Native Americans.<ref>{{cite book|last=Watson|first=Larry S|title=INDIAN TREATIES 1835 to 1902 Vol. XXII – Kiowa, Comanche and Apache|year=1994|publisher=Histree|pages=15–19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Webb|first=Walter Prescott|year=1965|title=The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense|isbn=978-0-292-78110-8|publisher=University of Texas Press|pages=138–140}}</ref>{{details|Fort Martin Scott Treaty}}

====Cherokee Commission====
The [[s:Agreement with the Comanche, Kiowa and Apache, 1892|Agreement with the Comanche, Kiowa and Apache]] signed with the [[Cherokee Commission]] October 6–21, 1892,<ref>{{cite book|last=Deloria|first=Vine J Jr.|title=Documents of American Indian Diplomacy Treaties, Agreements, and Conventions, 1775–1979|year=1999|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3118-4|pages=355, 356, 357, 358|author2=DeMaille, Raymond J}}</ref> further reduced their reservation to {{convert|480,000|acre|km2}} at a cost of $1.25 per acre ($308.88/km<sup>2</sup>), with an allotment of {{convert|160|acre|km2}} per person per tribe to be held in trust. New allotments were made in 1906 to all children born after the agreement, and the remaining land was opened to white settlement. With this new arrangement, the era of the Comanche reservation came to an abrupt end.

====Captive Herman Lehmann====
One of the most famous captives in Texas was a German boy named [[Herman Lehmann]]. He had been kidnapped by the [[Apache]], only to escape and be rescued by the Comanche. Lehmann became the adoptive son of Quanah Parker. On August 26, 1901, Quanah Parker provided a legal [[affidavit]] verifying Lehmann's life as his adopted son 1877–1878. On May 29, 1908, the [[United States Congress]] authorized the [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] to allot Lehmann, as an adopted member of the Comanche nation, 160 acres of Oklahoma land, near [[Grandfield, Oklahoma|Grandfield]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Zesch|first=Scott|title=The Captured: A True Story of Abduction by Indians on the Texas Frontier|year=2005|publisher=St. Martin's|isbn=978-0-312-31789-8|pages=239–241}}</ref>

===Recent history===
[[File:Mac silverhorn drumming.jpg|thumb|Mac Silverhorn (Comanche), grandson of [[Silver Horn]], drumming with friend at Redstone Baptist Church]]

Entering the Western economy was a challenge for the Comanche in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many tribal members were defrauded of whatever remained of their land and possessions. Appointed paramount chief by the United States government, Chief [[Quanah Parker]] campaigned vigorously for better deals for his people, meeting with Washington politicians frequently; and helped manage land for the tribe.

Parker became wealthy as a cattleman. He also campaigned for the Comanches' permission to practice the [[Native American Church]] religious rites, such as the usage of [[peyote]], which was condemned by European Americans.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leahy|first=Todd|title=The A to Z of Native American Movements|url=https://archive.org/details/toznativeamerica00leah|url-access=limited|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6892-2|author2=Wilson, Raymond|page=[https://archive.org/details/toznativeamerica00leah/page/n196 120]}}</ref>

Before the first Oklahoma legislature, Quanah testified:
<blockquote>I do not think this legislature should interfere with a man's religion, also these people should be allowed to retain this health restorer. These healthy gentleman before you use peyote and those that do not use it are not so healthy.<ref>Swan 19</ref></blockquote>

During [[World War II]], many Comanche left the traditional tribal lands in Oklahoma to seek jobs and more opportunities in the cities of California and the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]]. About half of the Comanche population still lives in Oklahoma, centered on the town of Lawton.

Recently, an 80-minute 1920 silent film was "rediscovered", titled ''[[The Daughter of Dawn]].'' It features a cast of more than 300 Comanche and Kiowa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Daughter of Dawn &#124; Oklahoma Historical Society|url=https://www.okhistory.org/research/daughterofdawn|access-date=2022-08-20|website=www.okhistory.org}}</ref>