Editing Common buzzard (section)

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Buteo buteo 1 (Lukasz Lukasik).jpg|thumb|left|Common buzzard often inhabit the interface of woods and open areas.]]
The common buzzard is found throughout several islands in the eastern Atlantic islands, including the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Azores]] and almost throughout Europe. It is today found in Ireland and in nearly every part of [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] and [[England]]. In mainland Europe, remarkably, there are no substantial gaps without breeding common buzzards from [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]] to [[Greece]], [[Estonia]], [[Belarus]] and [[Ukraine]], though are present mainly only in the breeding season in much of the eastern half of the latter three countries. They are also present in all larger [[Mediterranean]] islands such as [[Corsica]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicily]] and [[Crete]]. Further north in [[Scandinavia]], they are found mainly in southeastern [[Norway]] (though also some points in southwestern Norway close to the coast and one section north of [[Trondheim]]), just over the southern half of [[Sweden]] and hugging over the [[Gulf of Bothnia]] to [[Finland]] where they live as a breeding species over nearly two-thirds of the land.

The common buzzard reaches its northern limits as a breeder in far eastern Finland and over the border to [[European Russia]], continuing as a breeder over to the narrowest straits of the [[White Sea]] and nearly to the [[Kola Peninsula]]. In these northern quarters, the common buzzard is present typically only in summer but is a year-around resident of a hearty bit of southern Sweden and some of southern Norway.<ref name="iucn" /><ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref name= BirdlifeEurope/> Outside of Europe, it is a resident of northern [[Turkey]] (largely close to the [[Black Sea]]) otherwise occurring mainly as a passage migrant or winter visitor in the remainder of Turkey, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], sporadically but not rarely in [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Armenia]], northern [[Iran]] (largely hugging the [[Caspian Sea]]) to northern [[Turkmenistan]].<ref name="iucn" /> Further north though its absent from either side of the northern Caspian Sea, the common buzzard is found in much of western Russia (though exclusively as a breeder) including all of the [[Central Federal District]] and the [[Volga Federal District]], all but the northernmost parts of the [[Northwestern Federal District|Northwestern]] and [[Ural Federal District]]s and nearly the southern half of the [[Siberian Federal District]], its farthest easterly occurrence as a breeder. It also found in northern [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], far northwestern [[China]] ([[Tien Shan]]) and northwestern [[Mongolia]].<ref name="iucn" /><ref>Unwin, M. (2011). The atlas of birds: diversity, behavior, and conservation. Princeton University Press.</ref>

Non-breeding populations occur, either as migrants or wintering birds, in southwestern [[India]], [[Israel]], [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Egypt]] (northeastern), northern [[Tunisia]] (and far northwestern [[Algeria]]), northern [[Morocco]], near the coasts of [[The Gambia]], [[Senegal]] and far southwestern [[Mauritania]] and [[Ivory Coast]] (and bordering [[Burkina Faso]]). In eastern and central Africa, it is found in winter from southeastern [[Sudan]], [[Eritrea]], about two-thirds of [[Ethiopia]],<ref name="Meheretu2019">{{cite book |last1=Meheretu Yonas |last2=Leirs |first2=H |title=Raptor perch sites for biological control of agricultural pest rodents. In: Nyssen J., Jacob, M., Frankl, A. (Eds.). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> much of [[Kenya]] (though apparently absent from the northeast and northwest), [[Uganda]], southern and eastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], and more or less the entirety of southern Africa from [[Angola]] across to [[Tanzania]] down the remainder of the continent (but for an apparent gap along the coast from southwestern [[Angola]] to northwestern [[South Africa]]).<ref name="iucn" /><ref>Harrison, J. A., & Cherry, M. (1997). ''The atlas of southern African birds (Vol. 1)''. Johannesburg: BirdLife South Africa.</ref><ref>Brown, L., Urban, E. K., Newman, K., Woodcock, M., & Hayman, P. (1982). ''The birds of Africa (Vol. 1, p. 521)''. London: Academic Press.</ref>

===Habitat===
The common buzzard generally inhabits the interface of [[woodland]]s and [[Open terrain|open grounds]]; most typically the species lives in [[Woodland edge|forest edge]], small woods or [[Windbreak|shelterbelts]] with adjacent [[grassland]], [[Arable land|arable]]s or other [[Agricultural land|farmland]]. It acquits to open [[moorland]] as long as there is some trees for perch hunting and nesting use. The woods they inhabit may be [[Temperate coniferous forest|coniferous]], [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]] and [[temperate deciduous forest]] with occasional preferences for the local dominant tree. It is absent from treeless [[tundra]], as well as the [[Subarctic]] where the species almost entirely gives way to the rough-legged buzzard.<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref name= Brown/> The common buzzard is sporadic or rare in treeless [[steppe]] but can occasionally migrate through it (despite its name, the steppe buzzard subspecies breeds primarily in the [[Woodland edge|wooded fringes]] of the steppe).<ref>Viter, S. G. (2019). ''Forestry Activities and Their Influence on the Raptor's Populations in the Southern Forest-Steppe Zone and Steppe Zone (on the Example of the Kharkiv Region of Ukraine)''. Raptors Conservation, 38.</ref> The species may be found to some extent in both in [[Montane ecosystems|mountainous]] or [[Upland and lowland|flat country]]. Although adaptable to and sometimes seen in [[wetland]]s and in [[coast]]al areas, buzzards are often considered more of an upland species and neither appear to be regularly attracted to or to strongly avoid bodies of waters in non-migratory times.<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/><ref name= Brown/><ref>Kamarauskaitė, A., Skuja, S., & Treinys, R. (2019). ''Nesting habitat overlap between the Common Buzzard Buteo buteo and the Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina for conservation planning in Natura 2000 sites''. Bird Study, 66(2), 224-233.</ref> Buzzards in well-wooded areas of eastern [[Poland]] largely used large, [[Old-growth forest|mature stands of trees]] that were more [[Humidity|humid]], richer and denser than prevalent in surrounding area, but showed preference for those within {{cvt|30|to|90|m}} of openings.<ref>Jȩdrzejewski, W., Jȩdrzejewska, B., & Keller, M. (1988). ''Nest site selection by the buzzard Buteo buteo L. in the extensive forests of eastern Poland''. Biological conservation, 43(2), 145–158.</ref> Mostly resident buzzards live in lowlands and [[foothill]]s, but they can live in timbered ridges and uplands as well as [[Rocky shore|rocky coasts]], sometimes nesting on cliff ledges rather than trees. Buzzards may live from sea level to elevations of {{cvt|2000|m}}, breeding mostly below {{cvt|1000|m}} but they can winter to an elevation of {{cvt|2500|m}} and migrates easily to {{cvt|4500|m}}.<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/> In the mountainous Italian [[Apennines]], buzzard nests were at a mean elevation of {{cvt|1399|m}} and were, relative to the surrounding area, further from [[Land development|human developed areas]] (i.e. roads) and nearer to [[valley]] bottoms in rugged, irregularly topographed places, especially ones that faced northeast.<ref>Penteriani, V. & Faivre, B. (1997). ''Habitat selection of Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) in a mountain area (Abruzzo Apennines, Italy)''. J. Raptor Res., 31(3), 208–212.</ref> Common buzzards are fairly adaptable to [[agricultural land]]s but will show can show regional declines in apparent response to agriculture. Changes to more extensive agricultural practices were shown to reduce buzzard populations in western [[France]] where reduction of "[[hedge]]rows, [[woodlot]]s and [[grassland]]s areas" caused a decline of buzzards and in [[Hampshire]], England where more extensive grazing by free-range [[cattle]] and [[horse]]s led to declines of buzzards, probably largely due to the seeming reduction of small [[mammal]] populations there.<ref>Butet, A., Michel, N., Rantier, Y., Comor, V., Hubert-Moy, L., Nabucet, J., & Delettre, Y. (2010). ''Responses of common buzzard (Buteo buteo) and Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) to land use changes in agricultural landscapes of Western France''. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 138(3–4), 152–159.</ref><ref>Tubbs, C. R., & Tubbs, J. M. (1985). ''Buzzards Buteo buteo and land use in the New Forest, Hampshire, England''. Biological Conservation, 31(1), 41–65.</ref> On the contrary, buzzards in central Poland adapted to removal of [[pine]] trees and reduction of rodent prey by changing nest sites and prey for a time with no strong change in their local numbers.<ref>Gryz, J., & Krauze-Gryz, D. (2019). ''The Common Buzzard Buteo buteo Population in a Changing Environment, Central Poland as a Case Study''. Diversity, 11(3), 35.</ref> Extensive [[urbanization]] seems to negatively affect buzzards, this species being generally less adaptable to urban areas than their New World counterparts, the [[red-tailed hawk]]. Although [[Peri-urbanisation|peri-urban areas]] can actually increase potential prey populations in a location at times, individual buzzard mortality, nest disturbances and nest site [[Habitat destruction|habitat degradation]] rises significantly in such areas.<ref>Palomino, D., & Carrascal, L. M. (2007). ''Habitat associations of a raptor community in a mosaic landscape of Central Spain under urban development''. Landscape and Urban Planning, 83(4), 268–274.</ref><ref name= Rooney2>Rooney, E., Reid, N., & Montgomery, W. I. (2015). ''Supplementary feeding increases Common Buzzard Buteo buteo productivity but only in poor‐quality habitat''. Ibis, 157(1), 181–185.</ref><ref>Stenkat, J., Krautwald-Junghanns, M. E., & Schmidt, V. (2013). ''Causes of morbidity and mortality in free-living birds in an urban environment in Germany''. Ecohealth, 10(4), 352–365.</ref> Common buzzards are fairly adaptive to [[rural area]]s as well as [[suburb]]an areas with [[park]]s and large [[garden]]s, in addition to such areas if they're near farms.<ref>Panuccio, M., Foschi, F., Todini, A., Baldi, A., Dominicis, N., De Filippis, P., & Palmeri, A. (2019). ''Better to stay downtown or in the countryside? Raptors wintering in urban and rural Protected Areas of Rome (Central Italy)''. Raptor Migration.</ref><ref>Vysochyn, M. O. (2019). ''Population dynamics and types of habitats at breeding sites of raptors (Falconiformes) of the Donetsk Ridge along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance''. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 10(4), 464-469.</ref><ref>Kopij, G. (2018). ''Ecological distribution and population densities of raptors in the inner and outer zone of a Central European city''. Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 8(1).</ref>