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Commune of Rome
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=== The election of the sole senator and the appearance of the ''medianus'' === In 1191, following a popular revolt demanding communal autonomy from the Papacy, the Commune of Rome saw its system of government modified, represented by the Senate, through the election of a single senator; a collegiate senatorial magistracy, controlled by representatives of opposing aristocratic factions, which could be compared, in a certain way, to that of [[consul]] and/or [[podestà]] in the rest of the communes of northern Italy. From then on, the Senate began to form a subordinate council, which would eventually split into a general council, composed of the ''caporioni'' and the consuls of the Arts of Rome, and a special council, of more restricted composition. Likewise, the services that initially depended on the authority of the Senate began to organize themselves autonomously.<ref name=":0">Maire Vigueur, J. C. (2011): ''Ibíd.'', pp. 270-271; Maire Vigueur, J. C. (2010): ''Ibíd.'', p. 153.</ref> Exceptionally, although notably noticeably, between 1198 and 1205 [[Pope Innocent III]] (1198-1216) appointed himself a ''medianus''; a figure whose role was to elect a senator from among the Guelph and/or Ghibelline families who would remain loyal to the pontiff. Such interference would on more than one occasion provoke the noble families to revolt whenever the leadership of the Commune fell to one faction or another, so much so that the split into two opposing parties made the instability of the political environment evident.<ref name=":0" />
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