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Community development
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==== United States ==== In the United States in the 1960s, the term "community development" began to complement and generally replace the idea of [[urban renewal]], which typically focused on physical development projects - often at the expense of [[Working class| working-class]] communities. One of the earliest proponents of the term in the United States was social scientist [[William W. Biddle]] (100-1973).<ref name="in memoriam">{{cite journal|doi= 10.1080/00103829.1973.10877482 | volume=4 | issue=1 | title=In Memoriam: William W. Biddle | year=1973 | journal= Journal of the Community Development Society | page= 5 | last1 = List | first1 = E. Frederick}}</ref> In the late 1960s, philanthropies such as the [[Ford Foundation]] and government officials such as Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] took an interest in local nonprofit organizations. A pioneer was the [[Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation]] in Brooklyn, which attempted to apply [[business skills | business]] and [[management skills]] to the social mission of uplifting low-income residents and their neighborhoods. Eventually such groups became known as "[[Community development corporation]]s" or CDCs. Federal laws, beginning with the 1974 [[Housing and Community Development Act of 1974|Housing and Community Development Act]], provided a way for state and municipal governments to channel funds to CDCs and to other [[Non-profit organization |nonprofit organizations]]. National organizations such as the [[Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation]] (founded in 1978 and known since 2005 as [[NeighborWorks America]]), the [[Local Initiatives Support Corporation]] (LISC) (founded in 1980), and the [[Enterprise Foundation]] (founded in 1981) have built extensive networks of affiliated local [[nonprofit]] organizations to which they help provide financing for numerous physical- and [[Social change| social-development]] programs in urban and [[Types of rural communities |rural communities]]. The CDCs and similar organizations have been credited by some with starting the process that stabilized and revived seemingly hopeless [[inner-city]] areas such as [[South Bronx |the South Bronx]] in New York City.
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