Editing Concentration camp (section)

===Other camps===
{{see also|List of concentration and internment camps}}
Before and during World War II, concentration camps were established by various authorities. In the late 1920s, the Dutch colonial government established the [[Boven-Digoel concentration camp]] in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) to intern Indonesian nationalist leaders and political dissidents.<ref name="TS2021-1">{{cite book |last1=Shiraishi |first1=Takashi |title=The Phantom World of Digul: Policing as politics in Colonial Indonesia, 1926-1941 |date=2021 |publisher=NUS Press |location=Singapore |isbn=9784814003624 |pages=29–35}}</ref> Also during World War II, concentration camps were established by [[List of Italian concentration camps|Italian]], [[List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II|Japanese]], [[Internment of Japanese Americans|US]], and [[Japanese Canadian internment|Canadian]] forces.

The former label continues to see expanded use for cases post-[[World War II]], for instance in relation to [[List of British detention camps during the Mau Mau Uprising|British camps in Kenya]] during the [[Mau Mau rebellion]] (1952–1960),<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2019 |title=Museum of British Colonialism releases online 3D models of British concentration camps in Kenya |work=Morning Star |url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/b/museum-british-colonialism-releases-online-3d-models-british}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 1989 |title=The Mau Mau Rebellion |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1989/12/31/the-mau-mau-rebellion/186d8bdf-1d95-4b63-9147-c67f20d7eb0f/}}</ref> [[Internment camps in France#Algerian War|French camps]] to forcibly relocate 2 million Algerians during the [[Algerian War]],<ref name="Kevin Shillington">{{cite book|author=Kevin Shillington|title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA60|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45670-2|pages=60|access-date=28 October 2022|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164808/https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA60|url-status=live}}</ref> camps set up in [[Chile]] during the [[military dictatorship]] of [[Augusto Pinochet]] (1973–1990).<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2013 |title=Chilean coup: 40 years ago I watched Pinochet crush a democratic dream |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/07/chile-coup-pinochet-allende}}</ref> According to the [[United States Department of Defense]] as many as 3 million [[Uyghurs]] and members of other [[Islam in China|Muslim]] minority groups are being held in [[China]]'s [[Xinjiang internment camps|internment camps]] which are located in the [[Xinjiang]] region and which American news reports often label as ''concentration camps''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2019 |title=As the U.S. Targets China's 'Concentration Camps', Xinjiang's Human Rights Crisis is Only Getting Worse |work=Newsweek |url=https://www.newsweek.com/xinjiang-uyghur-crisis-muslim-china-1398782}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2019 |title=Uighurs and their supporters decry Chinese 'concentration camps', 'genocide' after Xinjiang documents leaked |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/11/17/uighurs-their-supporters-decry-chinese-concentration-camps-genocide-after-xinjiang-documents-leaked/}}</ref> The camps were established in the late 2010s under [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|Chinese Communist Party general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]]'s [[China under Xi Jinping|administration]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramzy |first1=Austin |last2=Buckley |first2=Chris |date=2019-11-16 |title='Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html |access-date=2019-11-16 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kate O'Keeffe and Katy Stech Ferek |date=14 November 2019 |title=Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President', U.S. Panel Says |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/stop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000}}</ref> More recently, there have been instances of plots of land used as recruitment centers, for forced labor and extermination centers used by Mexican drug cartels, a prominent example being the Jalisco extermination camp, where a group looking for missing persons in Mexico found over 200 pairs of shoes and clandestine crematoriums.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/14/world/americas/mexico-extermination-camp.html</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="115" style="font-size:88%;line-height:120%">
File:Beriberi USNLM.jpg|Filipino man riddled with [[beriberi]] contracted in a U.S. Army concentration camp during the [[Philippine–American War]], 1902{{cn|date=April 2025}}
File:Herero Nama Shark Island Death Camp Lieutenant von Durling 05.jpg|Lieutenant von Durling with prisoners at [[Shark Island concentration camp|Shark Island]], one of the German concentration camps used during the [[Herero and Nama genocide]]
File:Armrefugees.jpg|Armenian refugees collected near the body of a dead horse at [[Deir ez-Zor camps|Deir ez-Zor]], during the [[Armenian genocide]]
File:Tampere prison camp women.jpg|Women at the [[Kalevankangas camp|Kalevankangas concentration camp]] of [[Tampere]] in 1918, several months after the [[Finnish Civil War]]
File:Boven-Digoel.jpg|Indonesian prisoners being exiled to the Dutch camp of [[Boven-Digoel concentration camp|Boven-Digoel]], 1927
File:The fence at the old GULag in Perm-36.JPG|[[Fence]] at the [[gulag]] Perm-36, opened in 1943
File:Auschwitz Resistance 280 cropped.jpg|Prisoners' [[corpse|bodies]] are burned after they are killed in the [[gas chamber]]s at [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]
Image:Ustaše militia execute prisoners near the Jasenovac concentration camp.jpg|[[Ustaše]] soldiers kill prisoners near [[Jasenovac concentration camp]]
File:"Persons of Japanese ancestry arrive at the Santa Anita Assembly Center from San Pedro. Evacuees lived at this center at - NARA - 539960.jpg|[[Manzanar]] internment camp for Japanese-Americans in 1942
File:Japanese internment camp in British Columbia.jpg|An internment camp for Japanese-Canadians in British Columbia
File:New Village in Malaya, 1950s.jpg|A model [[new village]], designed as part of the [[Briggs Plan]] to separate the largely Chinese Malaysian rural populace from communist guerrillas during the [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960)
File:Photo de l'infirmerie et des locaux disiplinaire du camp de Thol.jpg|Camp de Thol, one of the French concentration camps for Algerians used during the [[Algerian War]]<ref>{{cite journal |language=fr |author=Arthur Grosjean |title=Internement, emprisonnement et guerre d'indépendance algérienne en métropole : l'exemple du camp de Thol (1958-1965) |journal=Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines |date=10 March 2014 |doi=10.4000/criminocorpus.2676 |s2cid=162123460 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/criminocorpus/2676 |access-date=7 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107072404/https://journals.openedition.org/criminocorpus/2676 |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Manjača Camp.jpg|Bosniak civilian detainees of [[Bosanska Krajina]] in [[Manjača camp]]
File:Xinjiang Internment Map, US-Aus Gov Assessment.jpg|Map of the [[Xinjiang internment camps]] in China based on data collected by the US [[National Geospatial Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]]
</gallery>