Editing Concert of Europe (section)

===Congress System===
The "Congress System" was an effort to maintain peace and stability in Europe through regular Congresses of the great powers, similar to the [[Congress of Vienna]], to address pressing issues and resolve disputes through negotiation and coordinated action. The system of regular formal Congresses was short-lived, primarily due to the refusal of Great Britain to take part due to ideological and strategic differences with the Holy Alliance powers.

==== 1814 Congress of Vienna ====
{{Main|Congress of Vienna}}
[[File:Bilderrevolution0271.jpg|thumb|Negotiations at the Congress of Vienna]]
The Concert of Europe began with the 1814–1815 Congress of Vienna, which was designed to bring together the "major powers" of the time in order to stabilize the [[geopolitics]] of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon in 1813–1814, and contain France's power after the war following the French Revolution.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://opil.ouplaw.com/page/congress-vienna-1814-1815|title=The Congress of Vienna (1814–1815)|website=Oxford Public International Law |language=en|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref> The Congress of Vienna took place from November 1814 to June 1815 in Vienna, Austria, and brought together representatives from over 200 European polities.<ref name=":1" /> The Congress of Vienna created a new international world order which was based on two main ideologies: restoring and safeguarding power balancing in Europe; and collective responsibility for peace and stability in Europe among the "Great Powers".<ref name=":1" />

==== 1818 Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle ====
{{Main|Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)}}
The 1818 Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle formed the Quintuple Alliance by adding France to the Quadruple Alliance, which had comprised the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/perspectives/PE200/PE226/RAND_PE226.pdf|title=The Concert of Europe and Great-Power Governance Today|last=Lascurettes|first=Kyle|date=2017|website=RAND Corporation|access-date=October 17, 2019}}</ref> The ability for this to happen was given by Article V of the Quadruple Alliance, and resulted in ending the occupation of France.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opil.ouplaw.com/page/congress-of-aachen|title=The Congress of Aachen [Aix-la-Chapelle] (1818) and the Completion of the Vienna System |website=Oxford Public International Law |language=en|access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref>

==== 1820 Congress of Troppau ====
{{Main|Congress of Troppau}}
The 1820 Congress of Troppau was held in Troppau, Austria by the great powers of the Quintuple Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, France, and the United Kingdom) to discuss and put down the liberal uprising in Naples that caused King Ferdinand I to agree to a constitutional monarchy – which was seen by Prussia and Austria as a threat of liberalism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erc-secure-db.sites.uu.nl/conference/congress-of-troppau/|publisher=Utrecht University |title=Congress of Troppau (1820)|website=erc-secure-db|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref> Other powers present at this Congress include Spain, Naples, and Sicily.<ref name=":0" /> At this Congress, the Troppau Protocol was signed, which stated that if States which have undergone a change of government due to a revolution threaten other States, then they are ''ipso facto'' no longer members of the European Alliance if their exclusion will help to maintain legal order and stability. Furthermore, the Powers of the Alliance would also be bound to peacefully or by means of war bring the excluded State back into the Alliance.<ref name=":0" />

==== 1821 Congress of Laibach ====
{{Main|Congress of Laibach}}
The 1821 Congress of Laibach took place in Laibach (now [[Ljubljana]], [[Slovenia]]), between the powers of the Holy Alliance (Russia, Prussia, and Austria) in order to discuss the Austrian invasion and occupation of Naples in order to put down the Neapolitan Revolution of 1820 which had forced the King to accept a constitution.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Congress-of-Laibach|title=Congress of Laibach {{!}} European history|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref> Other powers present at this Congress include Naples, Sicily, the United Kingdom, and France.<ref name=":0" /> The Congress of Laibach represented beginning tensions within the Concert of Europe, between the Eastern powers of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, versus the Western powers of Britain and France.<ref name=":2" />

==== 1822 Congress of Verona ====
{{Main|Congress of Verona}}
The 1822 Congress of Verona took place in Verona, Italy, between the powers of the Quintuple Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, France, and the United Kingdom), along with Spain, Sicily, and Naples.<ref name=":0" /> This Congress dealt with the question of Spanish revolution of 1820; Russia, Prussia, and Austria agreed to support [[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis|France's planned intervention in Spain]], while the United Kingdom opposed it.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.historydiscussion.net/world-history/europe/history-of-the-concert-of-europe-1815-22-world-history/1426|title=History of The Concert of Europe (1815–22)|date=2014-03-06|website=History Discussion|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> This Congress also looked to deal with the [[Greek War of Independence|Greek Revolution]] against Turkey, but due to the opposition of the United Kingdom and Austria to Russian intervention in the Balkans, the Congress of Verona did not end up addressing this issue.<ref name=":3" />