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Concrete shell
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==Modern concrete shell construction== Modern thin concrete shells, which began to appear in the 1920s, are made from thin [[steel]] reinforced concrete, and in many cases lack any ribs or additional reinforcing structures, relying wholly on the shell structure itself.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cassinello|first1=P.|last2=Schlaich|first2=M.|last3=Torroja|first3=J. A.|date=2010-09-01|title=Félix Candela. En memoria (1910-1997). Del cascarón de hormigón a las estructuras ligeras del s. XXI|journal=Informes de la Construcción|volume=62|issue=519|pages=5–26|doi=10.3989/ic.10.040|issn=1988-3234|doi-access=free|hdl=10983/22923|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Shells may be cast in place, or pre-cast off site and moved into place and assembled. The strongest form of shell is the monolithic shell, which is cast as a single unit. The most common monolithic form is the dome, but ellipsoids and cylinders (resembling concrete [[Quonset hut]]s / [[Nissen hut]]s) are also possible using similar construction methods. [[File:Royan_Central_Market.jpg|thumb|top|Royan Central Market.]]Thin concrete shell buildings became popular in Post Second World War France because of the cost effectiveness of using minimal quantities of concrete. Examples at Royan include the {{interlanguage link|Église Notre-Dame de Royan|fr}} and the {{interlanguage link|Marché central de Royan|fr}}, whose roof reduces to just 80mm in thickness. [[Geodesic dome]]s may be constructed from concrete sections, or may be constructed of a lightweight foam with a layer of concrete applied over the top. The advantage of this method is that each section of the dome is small and easily handled. The layer of concrete applied to the outside bonds the dome into a semi-monolithic structure. Monolithic domes are cast in one piece out of reinforced concrete and date back to the 1960s. Advocates of these domes consider them to be cost-effective and durable structures, especially suitable for areas prone to natural disasters. They also point out the ease of maintenance of these buildings. Monolithic domes can be built as homes, office buildings, or for other purposes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Monolithic Dome|url=https://www.monolithic.org/domes|access-date=2020-11-10|website=Monolithic Dome Institute|language=en}}</ref> Completed in 1963, the [[Assembly Hall (Champaign)|University of Illinois Assembly Hall]], located in Champaign, Illinois was and is the first ever concrete-domed arena (see also the [[Gridshell]]-like [[Hala Stulecia (Wrocław)|Centennial Hall]] in Wrocław, Poland from 1913). The design of the new building, by Max Abramovitz, called for the construction of one of the world’s largest edge-supported structures. See [[Construction of Assembly Hall (Champaign)|Construction of Assembly Hall]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Chen|first1=Ziyu|last2=Shah|first2=Param J.|last3=Xu|first3=Longhuan|title=Assembly Hall|url=https://explorecu.org/items/show/268|access-date=2020-11-10|website=ExploreCU|language=en}}</ref> The [[Seattle Kingdome]] was the world's first (and only) concrete-domed multi-purpose stadium. It was completed in 1976 and demolished in 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sysoeva|first=Elena|date=2016|editor-last=Andreev|editor-first=V.|title=Preconditions of emergence of large-span buildings in the world|journal=MATEC Web of Conferences|volume=86|pages=02004|doi=10.1051/matecconf/20168602004|issn=2261-236X|doi-access=free}}</ref> The Kingdome was constructed of triangular segments of [[reinforced concrete]] that were cast in place. Thick ribs provided additional support.
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