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Confocal microscopy
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===Biology and medicine=== [[File:STD Depth Coded Stack Slices through Cells.png|thumb|Example of a stack of confocal microscope images showing the distribution of actin filaments throughout a cell.]] Clinically, CLSM is used in the evaluation of various eye diseases, and is particularly useful for imaging, qualitative analysis, and quantification of endothelial cells of the [[cornea]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Patel DV, McGhee CN |title=Contemporary in vivo confocal microscopy of the living human cornea using white light and laser scanning techniques: a major review |journal=Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol. |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=71β88 |year=2007 |pmid=17300580 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-9071.2007.01423.x|s2cid=23029612 }}</ref> It is used for localizing and identifying the presence of filamentary fungal elements in the [[cornea]]l stroma in cases of [[fungal keratitis|keratomycosis]], enabling rapid diagnosis and thereby early institution of definitive therapy. Research into CLSM techniques for [[endoscopic]] procedures ([[endomicroscopy]]) is also showing promise.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoffman A, Goetz M, Vieth M, Galle PR, Neurath MF, Kiesslich R |title=Confocal laser endomicroscopy: technical status and current indications |journal=Endoscopy |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=1275β83 |year=2006 |pmid=17163333 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-944813|s2cid=260134204 }}</ref> In the pharmaceutical industry, it was recommended to follow the manufacturing process of thin film pharmaceutical forms, to control the quality and uniformity of the drug distribution.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0255-2701(98)00032-4|title=Near infrared drying of pharmaceutical thin films: Experimental analysis of internal mass transport|year=1998|last1=Le Person|first1=S.|last2=Puiggali|first2=J.R.|last3=Baron|first3=M.|last4=Roques|first4=M.|journal=Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification|volume=37|issue=3|pages=257β263|bibcode=1998CEPPI..37..257L |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01632801/file/Near-infrared-drying-of-pharmaceutical-thin-films-experimental-analysis-of-internal-mass-transport.pdf }}</ref> Confocal microscopy is also used to study [[biofilm]]s β complex porous structures that are the preferred habitat of microorganisms. Some of temporal and spatial function of biofilms can be understood only by studying their structure on micro- and meso-scales. The study of microscale is needed to detect the activity and organization of single microorganisms.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gitis|first1=Vitaly|title=Handbook of Porous Materials|last2=Rothenberg|first2=Gadi|publisher=World Scientific|year=2020|isbn=978-981-122-322-8|editor-last=Gitis|editor-first=Vitaly|location=Singapore|pages=63β64|doi=10.1142/11909|editor-last2=Rothenberg|editor-first2=Gadi}}</ref>
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