Editing Consonant mutation (section)

==== Welsh ==== 
{{further|Literary Welsh morphology#Initial consonant mutation|Colloquial Welsh morphology#Initial consonant mutation}}
[[Welsh language|Welsh]] has three main classes of initial consonant mutation: ''soft mutation'' ({{langx|cy|treiglad meddal}}); ''nasal mutation'' ({{langx|cy|treiglad trwynol}}); and ''aspirate mutation'', which is sometimes called ''spirant mutation'' ({{langx|cy|treiglad llaes}}). The fourth category is ''mixed mutation'', which calls for an ''aspirate mutation'' if possible but otherwise a ''soft mutation''. The following tables show the range of Welsh mutations with examples. A blank cell indicates that no change occurs.

{|
|width=300|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Mutation scheme
|- style="background: #efefef;"
! Radical
! Soft
! Nasal
! Aspirate
|-
| p
| b
| mh {{IPA|/m̥/}}
| ph {{IPA|/f/}}
|-
| t
| d
| nh {{IPA|/n̥/}}
| th {{IPA|/θ/}}
|-
| c {{IPA|/k/}}
| g
| ngh {{IPA|/ŋ̊/}}
| ch {{IPA|/χ/}}
|-
| b
| f {{IPA|/v/}}
| m
| 
|-
| d
| dd {{IPA|/ð/}}
| n
| 
|-
| g
| {{IPA|∅}}*
| ng {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|
|-
| m
| f {{IPA|/v/}}
| 
| 
|-
| ll {{IPA|/ɬ/}}
| l
|
|
|-
| rh {{IPA|/r̥/}}
| r
|
|
|-
| ts {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
| j {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
|
|
|}
|width=50|

|rowspan=2 valign=top|
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples
|- style="background: #efefef;"
! Radical
! Soft
! Nasal
! Aspirate
! English
|-
| '''p'''lant {{IPA|/plant/}}
| '''b'''lant {{IPA|/blant/}}
| '''mh'''lant {{IPA|/m̥lant/}}
| '''ph'''lant {{IPA|/flant/}}
| ''children''
|-
| '''t'''ref {{IPA|/treː(v)/}}<br />'''t'''ŷ {{IPA|/tiː/}}
| '''d'''ref {{IPA|/dreː(v)/}}<br />'''d'''ŷ {{IPA|/diː/}}
| '''nh'''ref {{IPA|/n̥reː(v)/}}<br />'''nh'''ŷ {{IPA|/n̥iː/}}
| '''th'''ref {{IPA|/θreː(v)/}}<br />'''th'''ŷ {{IPA|/θiː/}}
| ''town''<br />''house''
|-
| '''c'''oeden {{IPA|/kɔi̯dɛn/}}
| '''g'''oeden {{IPA|/ɡɔi̯dɛn/}}
| '''ngh'''oeden {{IPA|/ŋ̊ɔi̯dɛn/}}
| '''ch'''oeden {{IPA|/χɔi̯dɛn/}}
| ''tree''
|-
| '''b'''rawd {{IPA|/braʊ̯d/}}
| '''f'''rawd {{IPA|/vraʊ̯d/}}
| '''m'''rawd {{IPA|/mraʊ̯d/}}
| 
| ''brother''
|-
| '''d'''ŵr {{IPA|/duːr/}}
| '''dd'''ŵr {{IPA|/ðuːr/}}
| '''n'''ŵr {{IPA|/nuːr/}}
| 
| ''water''
|-
| '''g'''waith {{IPA|/ɡwai̯θ/}}<br />'''g'''las {{IPA|/ɡlas/}}<br />'''g'''orsaf {{IPA|/ɡɔrsa(v)/}}
| '''w'''aith {{IPA|/wai̯θ/}}<br />'''l'''as {{IPA|/las/}}<br />'''o'''rsaf {{IPA|/ɔrsa(v)/}}
| '''ng'''waith {{IPA|/ŋwai̯θ/}}<br />'''ng'''las {{IPA|/ŋlas/}}<br />'''ng'''orsaf {{IPA|/ŋɔrsa(v)/}}
|
| ''work''<br />''blue''<br />''station''
|-
| '''m'''awr {{IPA|/maʊ̯r/}}
| '''f'''awr {{IPA|/vaʊ̯r/}}
| 
| 
| ''big, large''
|-
| '''ll'''an {{IPA|/ɬan/}}
| '''l'''an {{IPA|/lan/}}
|
|
| ''parish''
|-
| '''rh'''ywbeth {{IPA|/r̥ɪʊ̯bɛθ/}}
| '''r'''ywbeth {{IPA|/rɪʊ̯bɛθ/}}
|
|
| ''something''
|-
| '''ts'''ips {{IPA|/t͡ʃɪps/}}
| '''j'''ips {{IPA|/d͡ʒɪps/}}
|
|
| ''chips''
|}
|-
|{{asterisk}}Soft mutation causes initial {{IPA|/ɡ/}} to be deleted. For example, {{lang|cy|gardd}} "garden" becomes {{lang|cy|yr ardd}} "the garden", and {{lang|cy|gwaith}} "work" becomes {{lang|cy|ei waith}} "his work".
|}

The mutation ''ts'' → ''j'' corresponds to the ''t'' → ''d'' mutation and reflects a change heard in modern words borrowed from English. Borrowed words like {{lang|cy|tsips/jips}} (chips) can often be heard in Wales. {{lang|cy|Dw i'n mynd i gael tsips}} 'I'm going to get (some) chips'; {{lang|cy|Mae gen i jips}} 'I have chips'. However, the ''ts'' → ''j'' mutation is not usually included the classic list of Welsh mutations and is rarely taught in formal classes. Nevertheless, it is a part of the colloquial language and is used by native speakers.

===== ''h''-prothesis =====
[[Prothesis (linguistics)|h-''prothesis'']] is a feature in Welsh in which a vowel-initial word becomes ''h''-initial. It occurs after the possessive pronouns {{lang|cy|ei}} 'her', {{lang|cy|ein}} 'our', and {{lang|cy|eu}} 'their': {{lang|cy|oedran}} 'age', {{lang|cy|ei '''h'''oedran}} 'her age' (cf. {{lang|cy|ei oedran}} 'his age'). It also occurs with {{lang|cy|ugain}} 'twenty' after {{lang|cy|ar}} 'on' in the traditional counting system: {{lang|cy|un ar '''h'''ugain}} 'twenty-one', literally "one on twenty".