Editing Copland (operating system) (section)

===Pink and Blue===
{{see also|Taligent#History}}
In March 1988,{{efn|group=notes|name=PinkDate}} technical middle managers at Apple held an offsite meeting to plan the future course of Mac OS development.{{sfn|Carlton|1997|p=96}} Ideas were written on [[index card]]s; features that seemed simple enough to implement in the short term (like adding color to the [[user interface]]) were written on blue cards; longer-term goals—such as preemptive multitasking—were on pink cards; and long-range ideas like an [[object-oriented]] [[file system]] were on red cards.{{sfn|Carlton|1997|pp=96-98}}{{sfn|Singh|2007|p=2}}{{efn|There is some confusion about the coloring depending on the source, it may be that pink and red are describing the same cards.}} Development of the ideas contained on the blue and pink cards was to proceed in parallel, and at first, the two projects were known simply as "blue" and "[[Taligent|pink]]".{{sfn|Carlton|1997|p=167}} Apple intended to have the Blue team {{sfn|Carlton|1997|p=169}} release an updated version of the existing Macintosh operating system in the 1990–1991 timeframe, and the Pink team to release an all-new OS around 1993.

The Blue team, who came to call themselves the "[[Blue Meanies (Apple Computer)|Blue Meanies]]" after characters in the film ''[[Yellow Submarine (film)|Yellow Submarine]]'', delivered what became known as [[System 7 (Macintosh)|System 7]] on May 13, 1991, but the Pink team's efforts suffered from [[second-system effect]] and its release date continued to slip into the indefinite future. Some of the reason for this can be traced to problems that would become widespread at Apple as time went on; as Pink became delayed, its engineers moved to Blue instead.{{sfn|Carlton|1997|p=99}} This left the Pink team constantly struggling for staffing, and suffering from the problems associated with high employee turnover. Management ignored these sorts of technical development issues, leading to continual problems delivering working products.

At this same time, the recently released [[NeXTSTEP]] was generating intense interest in the developer world. Features that were originally part of Red were folded into Pink, and the Red project (also known as "Raptor"){{sfn|Singh|2007|p=4}} was eventually canceled. This problem was also common at Apple during this period; to chase the "next big thing", middle managers added new features to their projects with little oversight, leading to enormous problems with [[feature creep]]. In the case of Pink, development eventually slowed to the point that the project appeared moribund.