Editing Cosmetics (section)

== Types of cosmetics ==
[[File:Galaxies nail art.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nail art]]]]
Though there are a large number of different cosmetics used for a variety of different purposes, all cosmetics are typically intended to be applied externally. These products can be applied to the face (on the skin, lips, eyebrows, and eyes), to the body (on the skin, particularly the hands and nails), and to the hair. These products may be intended for use as skincare, personal care, or to alter the appearance, with the subset of cosmetics known as makeup primarily referring to products containing colour pigments intended for the purpose of altering the wearer's appearance; some manufacturers will distinguish only between "decorative" cosmetics intended to alter the appearance and "care" cosmetics designed for skincare and personal care.

Most cosmetics are also distinguished by the area of the body intended for application, with cosmetics designed to be used on the face and eye area usually applied with a brush, a makeup sponge, or the fingertips. Cosmetics can also be described by the physical composition of the product. Cosmetics can be liquid or cream [[emulsion]]s, powders (pressed or loose), dispersions, or [[anhydrous]] creams or sticks.

=== Decorative ===
[[File:Jim Brochu.jpg|thumb|right|[[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] actor [[Jim Brochu]] applies makeup before the opening night of a play]]

* [[Primer (cosmetics)|Primers]] are used on the face before makeup is applied, creating a typically transparent, smooth layer over the top of the skin, allowing for makeup to be applied smoothly and evenly. Some primers may also be tinted, and this tint may match the wearer's skin tone or may colour correct it, using greens, oranges, and purples to even out the wearer's skin tone and correct redness, purple shadows, or orange discolouration, respectively.
* [[Concealer]] is a cream or liquid product used to conceal marks or blemishes on the skin. Concealer is typically the colour of the user's skin tone and is generally applied after the face has been primed to even out the wearer's skin tone before foundation can be applied. Concealer is usually more heavily pigmented, has higher coverage, and is thicker than foundation or tinted primers. Though concealer is often more heavy duty in terms of pigment and consistency than foundation, a number of different formulations intended for different styles of use, such as a lighter concealer for the eyes and a heavier concealer for stage makeup, are available, as well as color-correcting concealers intended to balance out discolouration of the skin specifically.
* [[Foundation (cosmetics)|Foundation]] is a cream, liquid, mousse, or powder product applied to the entirety of the face to create a smooth and even base for the user's skin tone. Foundation provides a generally lower amount of coverage than concealer and is sold in formulations that can provide sheer, matte, dewy or full coverage to the skin.<ref name=USHealthandHuman/>
* [[Rouge (cosmetics)|Rouge]], blush, or blusher is a liquid, cream, or powder product applied to the centre of the [[cheek]]s intending to add or enhance their natural colour. Blushers are typically available in shades of pink and red or warm tan and brown and may also be used to make the [[Zygomatic bone|cheekbones]] appear more defined.<ref name=USHealthandHuman />
* [[Bronzer]] is a powder, cream, or liquid product that adds colour to the skin, typically in bronze or tan shades, intended to give the skin a tanned appearance and enhance the colour of the face. Bronzer, like highlighter, may also contain substances providing a shimmer or glitter effect,<ref name=USHealthandHuman /> and comes in either matte, semi-matte, satin, or shimmer finishes. Unlike bronzer, the purpose of contour is to help emphasize your facial features by adding depth.<ref>{{Citation |title=GETTING DVDS |date=2013-01-25 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780080553214-8 |work=How to DVJ |pages=18–24 |access-date=2023-05-02 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780080553214-8 |isbn=978-0-08-055321-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[Highlighter (cosmetics)|Highlighter]] is a liquid, cream, or powder product applied to the high points of the face, such as the eyebrows, nose, and cheekbones. Highlighter commonly has substances added, providing a shimmer or glitter effect. Alternatively, a lighter-toned foundation or concealer can be used as a highlighter.
* {{anchor|eyebrow pencil}}[[Eyebrow]] pencils, creams, [[wax]]es, gels, and powders are used to color, fill in, and define the brows.<ref name=USHealthandHuman /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Eyebrow Pencil|url=https://cosmeticsinfo.org/products/eyebrow-pencil|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-24|website=Cosmetics Info|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806112505/https://cosmeticsinfo.org:80/products/eyebrow-pencil |archive-date=2013-08-06 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Riordan|first=Teresa|date=2004-12-12|title='Inventing Beauty'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/books/chapters/inventing-beauty.html|access-date=2021-08-24|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2021-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824233041/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/books/chapters/inventing-beauty.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Eyebrow tinting treatments are also used to dye the eyebrow hairs a darker colour, either temporarily or permanently, without staining and colouring the skin underneath the eyebrows.
* [[Eyeshadow]] is a powder, cream, or liquid pigmented product used to draw attention to, accentuate, and change the shape of the area around the eyes, the eyelids, and the space below the eyebrows. Eyeshadow is typically applied using an eyeshadow brush with generally small and rounded bristles, though liquid and cream formulations may also be applied with the fingers. Eyeshadow is available in almost every colour, as well as being sold in a number of different finishes, ranging from matte finishes with sheer coverage to glossy, shimmery, and highly pigmented finishes. Many different colours and finishes of eyeshadow may be combined in one look and blended together to achieve different effects.
* [[Eyeliner]] is used to enhance and elongate the apparent size or depth of the [[eye]]. Though eyeliner is commonly black, it can come in many different colours. Eyeliner can come in the form of a pencil, a gel or a liquid.
* [[Eyelash extensions|False eyelashes]] are used to extend, exaggerate, and add volume to the eyelashes. Consisting generally of a small strip to which hair—either human, mink, or synthetic—is attached, false eyelashes are typically applied to the lash line using glue, which can come in latex and latex-free varieties; magnetic false eyelashes, which attach to the eyelid after magnetic eyeliner is applied, are also available. Designs vary in length and colour, with rhinestones, gems, feathers, and lace available as false eyelash designs. False eyelashes are not permanent and can be easily taken off with the fingers. Eyelash extensions are a more permanent way to achieve this look. Each set lasts for two to three weeks, then the set can be filled, similar to the maintenance of acrylic nails. To apply for extensions, the certified lash artist would start by taping down the bottom eyelashes. The lash artist would then use two tweezers, one to isolate the natural eyelash and one to apply the false eyelash. An individual false eyelash, or lash fan, is applied to one natural eyelash using a lash glue specific for this process. The eyelashes should not be stuck together. The length and thickness of the false lash should not be to heavy for the natural eyelash. If this process is done correctly, no harm will be done to the natural eyelashes.<ref>McDearmon, Christa. The Eyelash Extension Professional Training Manual: Instructor's Guide. Charleston, SC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.</ref>
* [[Mascara]] is used to darken, lengthen, thicken, or enhance the [[eyelash]]es through the use of a typically thick, cream-like product applied with a spiral bristle mascara brush. Mascara is commonly black, brown, or clear, though a number of different colours, some containing glitter, are available. Mascara is typically advertised and sold in a number of different formulations that advertise qualities such as [[waterproofing]], volume enhancement, length enhancement, and curl enhancement, and may be used in combination with an [[eyelash curler]] to enhance the natural curl of the eyelashes.<ref name=USHealthandHuman />
* Lip products, including [[lipstick]], [[lip gloss]], [[lip liner]] and [[lip balm]]s, commonly add color and texture to the lips, as well as serving to moisturise the lips and define their external edges.<ref name="USHealthandHuman" /> Products adding colour and texture to the lips, such as lipsticks and lip glosses, often come in a wide range of colors as well as a number of different finishes, such as matte finishes and satin or glossy finishes. Other styles of lip coloration products, such as lip stains, temporarily saturate the lips with a dye and typically do not alter the texture of the lips. Both lip colour products and lip liners may be waterproof and may be applied directly to the lips, with a brush, or with the fingers. Lip balms, though designed to moisturise and protect the lips (such as through the addition of UV protection) may also tint the lips.
* [[Face powder]], setting powder, or [[setting spray]]s are used to 'set' foundation or concealer, giving it a matte or consistent finish while also concealing small flaws or blemishes. Both powders and setting sprays claim to keep makeup from absorbing into the skin or melting off. While setting sprays are generally not tinted, setting powder and face powder can come in translucent or tinted varieties, and can be used to [[Baking (make-up)|bake]] foundation in order for it to stay longer on the face. Tinted face powders may also be worn alone without foundation or concealer to give an extremely sheer coverage base.
* [[Nail polish]] is a liquid used to colour the [[Nail (anatomy)|fingernails]] and [[Nail (anatomy)|toenails]].<ref name=USHealthandHuman /> Transparent, colorless nail polishes may be used to strengthen nails or be used as a top or base coat to protect the nail or nail polish. Nail polish, like eyeshadow, is available in every colour and a number of different finishes, including matte, shimmer, glossy and crackle finishes.

=== Skincare ===

Cleansing is a standard step in skin care routines. Skin cleansing includes some or all of these steps or cosmetics:
* Cleansers or foaming washes are used to remove excess dirt, oil, and makeup left on the skin.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Soaps and cleansers |url=https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/soaps-and-cleansers/|access-date=2021-03-31|publisher=dermnetnz.org|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411001846/https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/soaps-and-cleansers|url-status=live}}</ref> Different cleansing products are aimed at various types of skin, such as sulfate-free cleansers and spin brushes.<ref name="auto"/>
** Cleansing oil, or oil cleanser, is an oil-based solution that gently emulsifies the skin's natural oils and removes makeup. Cleansing oils are typically used as part of a two-step cleansing process. After the skin has been cleansed with an oil cleanser, a second cleanse is done using a mild gel, milk or cream cleanser to ensure any traces of the oil cleanser and makeup are removed.
* Toners are used after cleansing to remove any remaining traces of cleanser and restore the pH of the skin. They may also add some hydration. They are usually applied to a cotton pad and wiped over the skin, but they can be sprayed onto the skin from a spray bottle or poured onto the hand and patted directly onto the skin. Toners usually contain water, [[citric acid]], herbal extracts, and other ingredients. Witch hazel is still commonly used in toners to tighten the pores and refresh the skin. Alcohol is used less often as it is drying and can be irritating to the skin. It may still be found in toners, especially for those with oily skin. Some toners contain active ingredients and target particular skin types, such as tea tree oil, [[salicylic acid]], or [[glycolic acid]].
* Hyperpigmentation treatment: Kojic acid soap, cream, or powder, and Arbutin (a b-D-glucopyranoside derivative of [[hydroquinone]]) serum or cream help get rid of hyperpigmentation spots of the skin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sarkar|first1=Rashmi|last2=Arora|first2=Pooja|last3=Garg|first3=K Vijay|date=2013|title=Cosmeceuticals for Hyperpigmentation: What is Available?|journal=Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery|volume=6|issue=1|pages=4–11|doi=10.4103/0974-2077.110089|issn=0974-2077|pmc=3663177|pmid=23723597 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Facial mask]]s are treatments applied to the skin and then removed. Typically, they are applied to a dry, cleansed face, avoiding the eyes and lips.
** Clay-based masks use kaolin clay or fuller's earth to transport essential oils and chemicals to the skin and are typically left on until completely dry. As the clay dries, it absorbs excess oil and dirt from the surface of the skin and may help to clear blocked pores or draw comedones to the surface. Because of their drying actions, clay-based masks should only be used on oily skins.
** Peel masks are typically gel-like in consistency and contain acids or exfoliating agents to help exfoliate the skin, along with other ingredients to hydrate, discourage wrinkles, or treat uneven skin tone. They are left on to dry and then gently peeled off. They should be avoided by people with dry or sensitive skin because this type of skin tends to be very drying.
** Sheet masks are a relatively new product that is becoming extremely popular in Asia. Sheet masks consist of a thin cotton or fiber sheet with holes cut out for the eyes and lips and cut to fit the contours of the face, onto which serums and skin treatments are brushed in a thin layer; the sheets may be soaked in the treatment. Masks are available to suit almost all skin types and skin complaints. Sheet masks are quicker, less messy, and require no specialized knowledge or equipment for their use compared to other types of face masks, but they may be difficult to find and purchase outside Asia.
** [[Exfoliation (cosmetology)|Exfoliants]] are products that help slough off dead skin cells from the topmost layer of the skin to improve the appearance of the skin. This is achieved either by using mild acids or other chemicals to loosen old skin cells or lightly abrasive substances to physically remove them. Exfoliation can also help even out patches of rough skin, improve cell turnover, clear blocked pores to discourage acne, and improve the appearance and healing of scars.
** Chemical exfoliants include azelaic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, [[malic acid]], mandelic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, papain, and bromelain. They may be found in cleansers, scrubs, and peels, but also leave-on products such as toners, serums, and moisturisers. Chemical exfoliants mainly fall into the categories of AHAs, BHAs, PHAs or enzymes.
** Abrasive exfoliants include gels, creams or lotions, as well as physical objects.
* [[Moisturizer]]s are creams or lotions that hydrate the skin and help it to retain moisture.  Typical components are [[polyol]]s such as [[glycerol]] and [[sorbitol]] as well as partially hydrolyzed proteins.<ref name="Ullmann"/> Tinted moisturizers contain a small amount of foundation, which can provide light coverage for minor blemishes or to even out skin tones. They are usually applied with the fingertips or a cotton pad. 
* Eyes require a different kind of moisturizer compared with the rest of the face. The skin around the eyes is extremely thin and sensitive, and it is often the first area to show signs of aging. Eye creams are typically very light lotions or gels and are usually very gentle; some may contain ingredients such as caffeine or [[Vitamin K]] to reduce puffiness and dark circles under the eyes. Eye creams or gels should be applied over the entire eye area with a finger, using a patting motion. Finding a moisturizer with [[Sun Protection Factor|SPF]] is beneficial to prevent aging and wrinkles.
* [[Sunscreen]]s are creams, lotions, sprays, gels, sticks, or other topical projects that protect the skin from the sun. They contain organic or inorganic filters that act to absorb or reflect harmful UV radiation.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=British Association of Dermatologists – Sunscreen Fact Sheet|url=https://www.bad.org.uk/for-the-public/skin-cancer/sunscreen-fact-sheet#how-do-sunscreens-work|access-date=2021-03-31|publisher=bad.org.uk|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411093845/https://www.bad.org.uk/for-the-public/skin-cancer/sunscreen-fact-sheet#how-do-sunscreens-work|url-status=live}}</ref> Sunscreens are marked with 'spf', which means 'sun protection factor.' This shows that a product provides protection against UVB.<ref name="auto2"/> UVA ratings on sunscreens can be denoted by the number of stars or plus symbols varying among countries.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|title=British Association of Dermatologists – Sunscreen Fact Sheet|url=https://www.bad.org.uk/for-the-public/skin-cancer/sunscreen-fact-sheet#how-do-sunscreens-work|access-date=2021-04-06|publisher=bad.org.uk|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411093845/https://www.bad.org.uk/for-the-public/skin-cancer/sunscreen-fact-sheet#how-do-sunscreens-work|url-status=live}}</ref> UVA ratings do not specifically depict the amount of UVA protection a sunscreen is providing but rather the ratio of equal UVA and UVB protection.<ref name="auto3"/> The recommended 'gold standard' of a sunscreen should be at least SPF 30 and at least 4 stars or plus symbols.<ref name="auto3"/> Daily sunscreen application is very important, but use of shade, clothing, and hats are as important and more effective for sun protection.
* Serums are light, easily absorbed liquids that one spreads on their skin. The main purpose of the product is to be applied before moisturizer, and the serum provides a high concentration of any specific ingredient on the face. The benefits of serum are skin firmness, smoothness of the face, and reduction of the fine lines and wrinkles on one's face.

=== Hair care ===
[[Hair care]] is a category of cosmetics devoted to products which are used to improve the appearance of hair.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hair and Beauty Industry Statistics|url=https://www.nhbf.co.uk/advice-and-resources/hair-and-beauty-industry-statistics/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=National Hair & Beauty Federation|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411214148/https://www.nhbf.co.uk/advice-and-resources/hair-and-beauty-industry-statistics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Shampoo]]s are used to clean the hair and scalp by massaging into wet hair and then rinsing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shampoos|url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/706406|access-date=2021-03-31|publisher=Medscape|archive-date=2021-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502174138/https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/706406|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Hair conditioner]]s are used following shampoo to improve the appearance of hair by making it smoother and shinier.
* [[Hairstyling product|Styling products]] include gels, waxes, foams, creams, mousse, serum and pomades; they are used to create and maintain hairstyles.