Editing Cray (section)

===Post-Tera merger: 2000–2019===
[[File:HLRN III Konrad Cray C30 XC40.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Cray-designed HLRN-III ''Konrad'' (XC30/XC40) at [[Zuse Institute Berlin]], featuring a portrait of German computer pioneer [[Konrad Zuse]], 2014]]

After the Tera merger, the Tera MTA system was relaunched as the [[Cray MTA-2]]. This was not a commercial success and shipped to only two customers. Cray Inc. also unsuccessfully badged the [[NEC SX-6]] supercomputer as the Cray SX-6 and acquired exclusive rights to sell the SX-6 in the US, Canada, and Mexico.

In 2002, Cray Inc. announced its first new model, the [[Cray X1]] combined architecture [[vector processor]] / [[massively parallel]] supercomputer.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/11/15/cray_flogs_x1_supercomputer/ | title=Cray flogs X1 supercomputer | work=[[The Register]] | date=15 November 2002}}</ref> Previously known as the ''SV2'', the X1 is the result of the earlier ''SN2'' concept originated during the SGI years. In May 2004, Cray was announced to be one of the partners in the [[United States Department of Energy]]'s fastest-computer-in-the-world project to build a 50 tera[[Flops]] machine for the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]. Cray was sued in 2002 by Isothermal Systems Research for patent infringement. The suit claimed that Cray used ISR's patented technology in the development of the Cray X1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spokesmanreview.com/news-story.asp?date=041603&ID=s1336570 |title=Local tech company claims patent infringement |publisher=spokesmanreview.com |date=2003-04-16 |access-date=2014-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424174255/http://www.spokesmanreview.com/news-story.asp?date=041603&ID=s1336570 |archive-date=April 24, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The lawsuit was settled in 2003.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2003/08/18/daily25.html |title=Cray settles patent lawsuit |publisher=bizjournals.com |date=2003-08-21 |access-date=2014-04-24}}</ref> As of November 2004, the [[Cray X1]] had a maximum measured performance of 5.9 teraflops, being the 29th fastest supercomputer in the world. Since then the X1 has been superseded by the X1E, with faster dual-core processors.

On October 4, 2004, the company announced the [[Cray XD1]] range of entry-level supercomputers which use dual-core [[64-bit]] [[Advanced Micro Devices]] [[Opteron]] [[central processing unit]]s running [[Linux]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/10/05/cray_xd1/ | title=Cray comes to market with XD1 | first=John | last=Leyden | work=[[The Register]] | date=October 5, 2004}}</ref> This system was previously known as the OctigaBay 12K before Cray's acquisition of that company. The XD1 provided one [[Xilinx]] Virtex II Pro field-programmable gate array ([[FPGA]]) with each node of four Opteron processors. The FPGAs could be configured to embody various [[digital hardware]] designs and could augment the processing or input/output capabilities of the Opteron processors. Furthermore, each FPGA contains a pair of [[PowerPC]] 405 processors which can add to the already considerable power of a single node. The Cray XD1, although moderately successful, was eventually discontinued.

In 2004, Cray completed the [[Red Storm (computing)|Red Storm]] system for [[Sandia National Laboratories]]. Red Storm was to become the jumping-off point for a string of successful products that eventually revitalized Cray in supercomputing. Red Storm had processors clustered in 96 unit cabinets, a theoretical maximum of 300 cabinets in a machine, and a design speed of 41.5 teraflops. Red Storm also included an innovative new design for network interconnects, which was dubbed SeaStar and destined to be the centerpiece of succeeding innovations by Cray. The [[Cray XT3]] massively parallel supercomputer became a commercialized version of Red Storm, similar in many respects to the earlier T3E architecture, but, like the XD1, using AMD Opteron processors.

On August 8, 2005, [[Peter Ungaro]] was appointed CEO. Ungaro had joined Cray in August 2003 as Vice President of Sales and Marketing and had been made Cray's President in March 2005.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://investors.cray.com/news-releases/news-release-details/cray-appoints-peter-j-ungaro-chief-executive-officer | title=Cray Appoints Peter J. Ungaro as Chief Executive Officer | publisher=Cray Inc. | date=August 8, 2005}}</ref>

Introduced in 2006, the [[Cray XT4]] added support for DDR2 memory, newer dual-core and future quad-core [[Opteron]] processors and utilized a second generation SeaStar2 communication coprocessor. It also included an option for FPGA chips to be plugged directly into processor sockets, unlike the Cray XD1, which required a dedicated socket for the FPGA coprocessor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cray.com/products/xt4/index.html|website=cray.com|title=products/xt4/index|access-date=2018-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630153640/http://www.cray.com/products/xt4/index.html|archive-date=2007-06-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On November 13, 2006, Cray announced a new system, the [[Cray XMT]], based on the MTA series of machines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cray.com/products/xmt/ |title=Cray Inc., The Supercomputer Company – Products – XMT |publisher=Cray.com |access-date=2012-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205235938/http://www.cray.com/products/xmt/ |archive-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoise.com/primeur/06/articles/live/AE-PL-06-06-5.html |title=Cray's new systems Black Widow and Eldorado on schedule for availability in 2007 |publisher=Hoise.com |date=2006-06-29 |access-date=2012-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217154425/http://www.hoise.com/primeur/06/articles/live/AE-PL-06-06-5.html |archive-date=2012-02-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This system combined multi-threaded processors, as used on the original Tera systems, and the SeaStar2 interconnect used by the XT4. By reusing [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASICs]], boards, cabinets, and system software used by the comparatively higher volume XT4 product, the cost of making the very specialized MTA system could be reduced. A second generation of the XMT is scheduled for release in 2011, with the first system ordered by the Swiss National Supercomputing Center (CSCS).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hpc-ch.org/wp/2011/02/18/cscs-orders-first-next-generation-cray-xmt-supercomputer/ | title=CSCS Orders First Next-Generation Cray XMT Supercomputer | access-date=2011-04-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413225623/https://www.cray.com/ | archive-date=April 13, 2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2006, Cray announced a vision of products dubbed ''Adaptive Supercomputing''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpcwire.com/hpc/601369.html |title=Cray's Adaptive Supercomputing – A Paradigm Shift |access-date=2007-10-15 |work=HPCwire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024111442/http://www.hpcwire.com/hpc/601369.html |archive-date=2007-10-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first generation of such systems, dubbed the ''Rainier Project'', used a common interconnect network (SeaStar2), programming environment, cabinet design, and I/O subsystem. These systems included the existing XT4 and the XMT. The second generation, launched as the [[Cray XT5|XT5h]], allowed a system to combine compute elements of various types into a common system, sharing infrastructure. The XT5h combined Opteron, vector, multithreaded, and [[FPGA]] compute processors in a single system.

In April 2008, Cray and [[Intel]] announced they would collaborate on future supercomputer systems. This partnership produced the [[Cray CX1]] system, launched in September the same year. This was a deskside [[blade server]] system, comprising up to 16 dual- or quad-core Intel [[Xeon]] processors, with either [[Microsoft]] [[Windows HPC Server 2008]] or [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]] installed.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2008/04/in-depth-intel-cpus-gpus-and-upcoming-cray-supercomputers/ | title=If they mated: Intel and Cray to conceive x86 Linux monster | first=Jon | last=Stokes | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=April 29, 2008}}</ref>

By 2009, the largest computer system Cray had delivered was the [[Cray XT5]] system at [[National Center for Computational Sciences]] at [[Oak Ridge National Laboratories]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ornl.gov/news/oak-ridge-jaguar-supercomputer-worlds-fastest | title=Oak Ridge 'Jaguar' Supercomputer is World's Fastest | work=[[Oak Ridge National Laboratories]] | date=November 16, 2009}}</ref> This system, with over 224,000 processing cores, was dubbed ''[[Jaguar (supercomputer)|Jaguar]]'' and was the fastest computer in the world as measured by the [[LINPACK]] benchmark<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.top500.org/lists/2009/11/ | title=TOP500: November 2009 | work=[[TOP500]] | date=November 17, 2009}}</ref> at the speed of 1.75 petaflops<ref name="cnet-jaguar">{{cite news | url=https://www.cnet.com/news/jaguar-supercomputer-races-past-roadrunner-in-top500/ | title=Jaguar supercomputer races past Roadrunner in Top500 | last=Ogg | first=Erica | work=[[CNET]] | date=November 16, 2009}}</ref> until being surpassed by the [[Tianhe-1A]] in October 2010. It was the first system to exceed a sustained performance of 1 petaflops on a 64-bit scientific application.

[[File:CraySC18.jpg|thumb|Cray stand at the 2018 Supercomputing Conference SC18 in Dallas, Texas, USA.]]

In May 2010, the [[Cray XE6]] supercomputer was announced. The Cray XE6 system had at its core the new Gemini system interconnect. This new interconnect included a true global-address space and represented a return to the T3E feature set that had been so successful with Cray Research. This product was a successful follow-on to the XT3, XT4 and XT5 products. The first multi-cabinet XE6 system was shipped in July 2010. The next generation ''Cascade''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nccs.gov/wp-content/training/cray_meeting_pdfs/Cray_Tech_Workshop_sscott_2_26_07.pdf |title=Thinking Ahead: Future Architectures from Cray |last=Scott |first=Steve |access-date=2007-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203174457/http://www.nccs.gov/wp-content/training/cray_meeting_pdfs/Cray_Tech_Workshop_sscott_2_26_07.pdf |archive-date=2007-12-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> systems were designed make use of future multicore and/or [[manycore processor]]s from vendors such as Intel and Nvidia. Cascade was scheduled to be introduced in early 2013 and designed to use the next-generation network chip and follow-on to Gemini, code named ''Aries''.

In early 2010, Cray also introduced the [[Cray CX1000]], a rack-mounted system with a choice of compute-based, GPU-based, or SMP-based chassis.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/news/cray-launches-new-supercomputer-starting-at-100000/ |title=Cray launches new supercomputer, starting at $100,000 | work=DatacenterDynamics | date=March 22, 2010}}</ref> The CX1 and CX1000 product lines were sold until late 2011.

In 2011, Cray announced the [[Cray XK6]] hybrid supercomputer. The Cray XK6 system, capable of scaling to 500,000 processors and 50 petaflops of peak performance,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/05/25/cray-xk6-supercomputer-smashes-petaflop-record-humbly-calls-its/ | title=Cray XK6 supercomputer smashes petaflop record, humbly calls itself a 'general-purpose' machine | first=Sean | last=Buckley | work=[[Engadget]] | date=May 25, 2011}}</ref> combines Cray's Gemini interconnect, AMD's multi-core scalar processors, and [[Nvidia]]'s Tesla [[GPGPU]] processors. In October 2012 Cray announced the [[Cray XK7]] which supports the Nvidia Kepler GPGPU and announced that the ORNL Jaguar system would be upgraded to an XK7 (renamed ''[[Titan (supercomputer)|Titan]]'') and capable of over 20 petaflops.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Inside the Titan Supercomputer: 299K AMD x86 Cores and 18.6K NVIDIA GPUs | first=Anand Lal | last=Shimpi | date=October 31, 2012 | work=AnandTech | url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/6421/inside-the-titan-supercomputer-299k-amd-x86-cores-and-186k-nvidia-gpu-cores/ }}</ref> Titan was the world's fastest supercomputer as measured by the [[LINPACK]] benchmark<ref>{{cite web | title=Oak Ridge Claims No. 1 Position on Latest TOP500 List with Titan | url=https://www.top500.org/news/lists/2012/11/press-release/ | publisher=[[TOP500]] | date=December 11, 2012}}</ref> until the introduction of the [[Tianhe-2]] in 2013, which is substantially faster.

In 2011 Cray also announced it had been awarded the $188 million [[Blue Waters]] contract with the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]], after IBM had pulled out of the delivery.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cray-deal/cray-wins-188-million-deal-to-build-supercomputer-shares-up-idUSTRE7AD1SQ20111114 | title=Cray wins $188 million deal to build supercomputer, shares up | first1=Himank | last1=Sharma | first2=Sakthi | last2=Prasad | work=[[Reuters]] | date=November 14, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Cray-Nov-2011-8-K">{{cite web | url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/85/119312511308616/filing-main.htm |title=Cray, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 14, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com}}</ref> This system was delivered in 2012 and was the largest system to date, in terms of cabinets and general-purpose x86 processors, that Cray had ever delivered.

In November 2011, the Cray Sonexion 1300 Data Storage System was introduced and signaled Cray's entry into the high performance storage business. This product used modular technology and a [[Lustre (file system)|Lustre file system]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://primeurmagazine.com/weekly/AE-PR-12-11-88.html | title=Cray enters the integrated storage market | work=Primeur Magazine | date=14 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.storagereview.com/cray_sonexion_1300_launched_scalable_lustre_storage_system_supercomputing_2011 | title=Cray Sonexion 1300 Launched - Scalable Lustre Storage System [Supercomputing 2011] | work=Storage Review | date=16 November 2011}}</ref>

In 2011, Cray launched the [[OpenACC]] parallel programming standard organization.<ref name="cray2">{{cite press release | url=https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-cray-pgi-caps-unveil-openacc-programming-standard-for-parallel-computing | title=NVIDIA, Cray, PGI, CAPS Unveil 'OpenACC' Programming Standard for Parallel Computing | publisher=[[NVIDIA]] | date=November 14, 2011}}</ref> In 2019, Cray announced that it was deprecating [[OpenACC]], and will support [[OpenMP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/hpc_guru/status/1113565651350589441|title=HPC_Guru tweet: Cray's views on #OpenACC vs #OpenMP - John Levesque at the PPP meeting in Denver.|access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref>
However, in 2022, the Cray Fortran compiler still supported OpenACC,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.openmp.org/wp-content/uploads/2022-04-29-ECP-OMP-Telecon-HPE-Compiler.pdf|title=HPE COMPILER GPU OFFLOADING.|access-date=2023-05-11}}</ref> in part due to its usage in the ICON climate simulation code.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.openacc.org/sites/default/files/inline-images/events/OpenACC%20Summit%202021/2021_09_14_ICON_Good_Ugly_Bad_OpenACC.pdf|title=The Good, the Ugly and the Bad: What We Learned from Porting ICON to GPUs.|access-date=2023-05-11}}</ref>

In April 2012, Cray announced the sale of its interconnect hardware development program and related intellectual property to Intel for $140 million.<ref name="Cray-Apr-2012-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1370/119312512179611/filing-main.htm |title=Cray, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Apr 25, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =2013-03-29}}</ref><ref name="forbes">{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Savitz |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericsavitz/2012/04/24/cray-to-sell-interconnect-hardware-biz-to-intel-for-140m/ |website=forbes.com |title=Cray To Sell Interconnect Hardware Biz To Intel For $140M |date=April 24, 2012 |access-date=September 2, 2022}}</ref>

On November 9, 2012, Cray announced the acquisition of [[Appro International, Inc.]], a California-based privately held developer of advanced scalable supercomputing solutions.<ref name="Cray-Nov-2012-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1533/119312512461680/filing-main.htm |title=Cray, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 9, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =2013-03-29}}</ref> As of 2012 the #3 provider on the Top100 supercomputer list, Appro builds some of the world's most advanced high performance computing (HPC) cluster systems. In 2012, Cray also opened a subsidiary in China.<ref name="geekwire">{{cite web|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2012/27703/|title=Supercomputer maker Cray expands in China|website=GeekWire|date=February 23, 2012|access-date=2018-08-01}}</ref>