Editing Crust punk (section)

==History==
===Precursors===
The most prominent influences upon crust punk were [[Crass]] and [[Discharge (band)|Discharge]]. Crass introduced the genre's [[anarchist]] ideology and its tattered, militaristic aesthetic, while Discharge introduced its apocalyptic themes and influence from [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], particularly [[Motörhead]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pearson |first1=David |title=Rebel Music in the Triumphant Empire Punk Rock in the 1990s United States |date=2021 |isbn=9780197534885 |quote=Crass laid an ideological (anarchist), political, and aesthetic foundation for subsequent bands that sought to make punk a conscious political rebellion. But its peace- punk style would soon be usurped by a crucial development in punk's history: its crossover with heavy metal... Waksman cites British band Motörhead, whose Overkill album was released in that year, as the first punk/metal crossover to be recognized as such, largely because audiences at its performances were drawn from fans of the two genres... Perhaps the most significant band in this regard was Discharge, whose 1982 album ''Hear Nothing See Nothing Say Nothing'' became one of the most important reference points for 1990s political punk.}}</ref> Other metal bands to include the style included [[Hellhammer]] and [[Trouble (band)|Trouble]].<ref name="Rise of Crust" />

=== 1980s ===
[[File:Antisect Finland 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Antisect]]'s 1985 EP ''Out from the Void'' was one of the earliest crust punk releases]]
Crust punk was established by the bands [[Amebix]] and [[Antisect]], who both growing out of the anarcho-punk scene and made use of dark, morbid and post-apocalyptic imagery. Amebix had begun their career playing a style more indebted to [[Killing Joke]], while Antisect began playing simply anarcho-hardcore punk. Amebix first embraced metal influences on their 1983 album ''[[No Sanctuary (album)|No Sanctuary]]'', while Antisect did so on their 1985 EP ''Out from the Void''. These releases were the earliest crust punk releases, with Amebix's subsequent album ''[[Arise! (Amebix album)|Arise]]'' (1985) codifying the sound of the genre.<ref name="Rise of Crust"/> However, Amebix also brought a wider scope of influences than most other bands in the genre, particularly [[post-punk]] bands including [[Public Image Ltd.]], [[Bauhaus (band)|Bauhaus]], [[Joy Division]] and especially [[Killing Joke]].<ref name=day>Glasper 2006. "Amebix." p. 198-201.</ref> Soon, the first wave of crust punk bands was solidified with the formations of [[Hellbastard]], [[Deviated Instinct]] and [[Concrete Sox]].<ref name="Rise of Crust"/> This early wave of the genre was closely related to the nascent [[extreme metal]] scene, with the members of Amebix and Hellhammer even being in the same [[tape trading]] circles, influencing one another.<ref name="Hobson, 2022" />

In the following years, the genre spread to other countries. The largest of these was the Swedish crust punk and [[d-beat]] scene which early on produced [[Anti Cimex]] and Agnoni, who both quickly toured the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ekeroth |first1=Daniel |title=Swedish Death Metal |date=29 July 2008 |publisher=BAZILLION POINTS |page=24 |quote=Digby Pearson of Earache Records recalls the wave of transformation: "Like most guys from the old days, I started out as a massive fan of UK crust punk and American hardcore. Sweden was famous for their many crust bands early on, and I got every tape with every band from Fredda Holmgren at CBR. When I started to promote gigs, it was natural for me to bring over a couple Swedish bands. So I did a UK tour with Anti Cimex and the somewhat thrashier Agoni.}}</ref> From this scene soon originated the [[Swedish death metal]] scene, which would be brought to prominence by [[Entombed (band)|Entombed]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Neill |first1=Andrew |title=A History of Heavy Metal |date=13 July 2017 |publisher=Headline |quote=Extreme metal in Sweden started with Bathory, but extreme music in Sweden started with crust punk. The d-beat sound of Discharge found a massive fanbase in Sweden and d-beat as a genre is pretty much propped up entirely by the relatively small population of that country. But the d-beat scene is nothing compared to the insane bands-per-capita output of Swedish death metal, much of which grew out of that fertile punk scene. They found their stars in Entombed}}</ref>

American crust punk began in New York City, in the mid-1980s, with the work of [[Nausea (band)|Nausea]]. The group emerged from the [[Lower East Side]] [[squatting|squat]] scene and [[New York hardcore]],<ref>Init 5, 25 September 2007. [http://dailynoise.blogspot.com/2007/09/nausea-wow.html] Access date: 18 June 2008.</ref> living with [[Roger Miret]] of [[Agnostic Front]].<ref>John John Jesse interview, ''Hoard Magazine'', June 2005. {{cite web |url=http://www.hoardmag.com/jj/1.htm |title=John John Jesse interview - HOARD MAGAZINE |access-date=12 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921205657/http://www.hoardmag.com/jj/1.htm |archive-date=21 September 2008 }} Access date: 18 June 2008</ref> The early work of [[Neurosis (band)|Neurosis]], from San Francisco, also borrowed from Amebix, and inaugurated crust punk on the West Coast.<ref>Adam Louie, Mastodon, Neurosis show review, ''Prefix'' magazine, 29 January 2008 [http://www.prefixmag.com/features/mastodon-neurosis/brooklyn-masonic-temple/16952/] Access date: 18 June 2008</ref><ref>Anthony Bartkewicz, ''Decibel Magazine'' No. 31, May 2007. [http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/may2007/neurosis.aspx] Access date: 18 June 2008</ref> [[Disrupt (band)|Disrupt]] (Boston),<ref>Nick Mangel, Disrupt LP review, ''Maximum Rock'n'Roll'' #301, June 2008, record reviews section.</ref> [[Antischism]] (South Carolina), Misery and [[Destroy (band)|Destroy]] (Minneapolis) were also significant U.S. crust groups.<ref name="Rise of Crust"/>

In the late 1980s, bands including [[Doom (UK band)|Doom]], Excrement of War, [[Electro Hippies]] and [[Extreme Noise Terror]] began to merge crust punk with the sound of UK hardcore punk, creating the crustcore subgenre. [[Havoc Records|Felix Havoc]] described [[Extreme Noise Terror]]'s segment of the "Earslaughter" split album with [[Chaos UK]] as the first album in the genre.<ref name="Rise of Crust"/>

===1990s===
[[File:Wolfbrigade Party.San Metal Open Air 2016 08.jpg|thumb|[[Wolfbrigade]], one of the most prominent crust punk bands of the 1990s]]
In 1994, [[Orange County, California]]'s [[Dystopia (band)|Dystopia]] released their debut album ''[[Human = Garbage]]'' which merged sludge crust punk and [[sludge metal]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pratt |first1=Greg |title=DYSTOPIA - HUMAN = GARBAGE |url=https://bravewords.com/reviews/dystopia-human-garbage |website=[[Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles]] |access-date=24 September 2023}}</ref> An important American crust punk band was [[Aus Rotten]]<ref name=ausrotten>"[http://www.pittsburghcitypaper.ws/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A22082 Crust-punks Behind Enemy Lines release One Nation Under The Iron Fist of God] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128114625/http://www.pittsburghcitypaper.ws/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A22082 |date=2011-11-28 }}</ref> from [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Crust punk also flourished in Minneapolis, shepherded by the [[Profane Existence]] label.<ref name=grindcrust2>"In Grind We Crust," p. 51.</ref> In this period, the ethos of crust punk became particularly codified, with [[vegetarianism]], [[feminism]], and sometimes [[straight edge]] being prescribed by many of the figures in the scene.<ref name=grindcrust2/> The [[powerviolence]] scene associated with [[Slap-a-Ham Records]] was in close proximity to crust punk, particularly in the case of [[Man Is the Bastard]] and [[Dropdead]].<ref name=terrorizer>"Powerviolence: The Dysfunctional Family of Bllleeeeaaauuurrrgghhh!!." ''Terrorizer'' no. 172. July 2008. p. 36-37.</ref> Prominent crust punk groups ([[Driller Killer (band)|Driller Killer]], Totalitär, [[Skitsystem]], [[Wolfbrigade]], and [[Disfear]]) also emerged from Sweden, which had always had a strong D-beat scene. Many of these groups developed in parallel with the much more commercial [[Scandinavian death metal]] scene.<ref>Ekeroth, p. 107, 266.</ref>

During this time, crust became prominent in the [[American South]], where [[Prank Records]] and [[CrimethInc.]] acted as focal points of the scene. The most well-known representative of Southern crust was [[His Hero Is Gone]],<ref name=swedish/><ref>Andrew Childers, "Kick in the South: A Look Back at Prank Records and the Southern Crust Scene." 5 April 2008. [http://grindandpunishment.blogspot.com/2008/04/kick-in-south-look-back-at-prank.html] Access date: 21 June 2008</ref> whose early material incorporate elements of powerviolence and experimental music. By the band's final album ''The Plot Sickens'' (1998), they had begun to incorporate influence from the Japanese hardcore style [[burning spirits (genre)|burning spirits]], to create a more grandiose and melodic take on crust punk. This sound was then continued by three of the members' subsequent band [[Tragedy (band)|Tragedy]] At the same time, in Spain bands such as Hongo, Das Plague and Ekkaia were merging crust punk with elements of [[screamo]], creating a fusion genre which at the time was called "emo crust".<ref name="Neocrust DIY" />

===2000s===
In the early 2000s, the Spanish emo crust genre and Tragedy–His Hero Is Gone melodic crust style began to merge, leading to the beginning of the neo-crust subgenre. During the mid–2000s, this became the most prominent style in the crust scene, producing subsequent acts such as [[Fall of Efrafa]] and [[From Ashes Rise]].<ref name="Neocrust DIY" /> Soon, bands such as [[Trap Them]] emerged, incorporating increasing elements of hardcore and [[death metal]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=PESSARO |first1=FRED |title=STREAM NEOLITHIC'S KILLER NEW DEATH-CRUST SPLIT WITH MARTYRDÖD |url=https://www.revolvermag.com/music/stream-neolithics-killer-new-death-crust-split-martyrd%C3%B6d/ |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref> By the end of the decade, many international crust punk bands had shifted their style to favour black metal influences.<ref name="Neocrust DIY" /> In 2017, [[Bandcamp|Bandcamp Daily]] wrote that [[Fluff Fest]], held in Czechia since 2000, has become a "summer ritual" for many European crust fans.<ref name="bandcamp">{{cite web|url=https://daily.bandcamp.com/2017/09/20/czech-diy-list/|title=The Sincere and Vibrant World of the Czech DIY Scene|publisher=Bandcamp|first=Jacopo|last=Sanna|date=20 September 2017|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref>